The effect of socioeconomic status, depression, and diabetes symptoms severity on diabetes patient’s life satisfaction in India

  • Jonsson, B. The economic impact of diabetes. Diabetes Care 21, C7–C10 (1998).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ong, K. L. et al. Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021. The Lancet 402, 203–234 (2023).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lin, X. et al. Global, regional, and national burden and trend of diabetes in 195 countries and territories: An analysis from 1990 to 2025. Sci. Rep. 10, 14790 (2020).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Pandey, S. & Sharma, V. World diabetes day 2018: Battling the emerging epidemic of diabetic retinopathy. Indian J. Ophthalmol. 66, 1652 (2018).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Pradeepa, R., Deepa, R. & Mohan, V. Epidemiology of diabetes in India–current perspective and future projections. J. Indian Med. Assoc. 100, 144–148 (2002).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Oberoi, S. & Kansra, P. Economic menace of diabetes in India: A systematic review. Int. J. Diabetes Dev. Ctries 40, 464–475 (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Moeineslam, M. et al. Diabetes in women and health-related quality of life in the whole family: A structural equation modeling. Health Qual. Life Outcomes 17, 178 (2019).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Alhaik, S., Anshasi, H. A., Alkhawaldeh, J., Soh, K. L. & Naji, A. M. An assessment of self-care knowledge among patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab. Syndr.: Clin. Res. Rev. 13, 390–394 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mendenhall, E., Narayanan, G. & Prabhakaran, D. Depression and diabetes in India: Perspectives and recommendations: Depression and diabetes in India. Diabetic Med. 29, e308–e311 (2012).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Banker, K. K. et al. The impact of diabetes on productivity in India. Diabetes Care 44, 2714–2722 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bansode, B. & Jungari, D. S. Economic burden of diabetic patients in India: A review. Diabetes Metab. Syndr.: Clin. Res. Rev. 13, 2469–2472 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Drivsholm, T., De Fine Olivarius, N., Nielsen, A. B. S. & Siersma, V. Symptoms, signs and complications in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients, and their relationship to glycaemia, blood pressure and weight. Diabetologia 48, 210–214 (2005).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Deshpande, A. D., Harris-Hayes, M. & Schootman, M. Epidemiology of diabetes and diabetes-related complications. Phys. Ther. 88, 1254–1264 (2008).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tuncay, F. Ö. & Avcı, D. Association between self-care management and life satisfaction in patients with diabetes mellitus. Eur. J. Integr. Med. 35, 101099 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hoothay, F., DeStefano, A., Leary, E. & Foley-Hartel, T. Life satisfaction and coping of diabetic hemodialysis patients. ANNA J 17, 361–364 (1990).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Priya, M. A study on life satisfaction level among persons with diabetes IOSR-J. Humanit. Soc. Sci. 3, 51–55 (2017).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Hall, A. Life satisfaction, concept of. In Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research (ed. Michalos, A. C.) 3599–3601 (Springer, Netherlands, 2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_1649.

    Chapter 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mauricio, D. Quality of life and treatment satisfaction are highly relevant patient-reported outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann. Transl. Med 6, 220–220 (2018).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lee, L., Hsieh, C. & Lin, Y. Life satisfaction and emotional distress in people living with type 2 diabetes mellitus: The mediating effect of cognitive function. J. Clin. Nurs. 30, 2673–2682 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Charzyńska, E., Kocur, D., Działach, S. & Brenner, R. E. Testing the indirect effect of type 1 diabetes on life satisfaction through self-compassion and self-coldness. Mindfulness 11, 2486–2493 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Baumann, M., Tchicaya, A., Lorentz, N. & Le Bihan, E. Life satisfaction and longitudinal changes in physical activity, diabetes and obesity among patients with cardiovascular diseases. BMC Public Health 17, 925 (2017).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Dubey, A. & Agarwal, A. Coping strategies and life satisfaction: Chronically ill patients’ perspectives. J. Ind. Acad. Appl. Psychol. 33, 161–168 (2007).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Okwaraji, F. E., Onyebueke, G. C., Nduanya, C. U. & Nwokpoku, E. N. Life satisfaction, self esteem and mental health in a sample of diabetic out-patients attending a Nigerian tertiary health institution. J. Med. Res. 3, 60–65 (2017).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Koivumaa-Honkanen, H. Self-reported life satisfaction and 20-year mortality in healthy finnish adults. Am. J. Epidemiol. 152, 983–991 (2000).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rosella, L. C., Fu, L., Buajitti, E. & Goel, V. Death and chronic disease risk associated with poor life satisfaction: A population-based cohort study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 188, 323–331 (2019).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Guven, C. & Saloumidis, R. Life satisfaction and longevity: Longitudinal evidence from the German socio-economic panel. German Econ. Rev. 15, 453–472 (2014).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kimm, H., Sull, J. W., Gombojav, B., Yi, S.-W. & Ohrr, H. Life satisfaction and mortality in elderly people: The Kangwha cohort study. BMC Public Health 12, 54 (2012).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Xu, J. & Roberts, R. E. The power of positive emotions: It’s a matter of life or death—Subjective well-being and longevity over 28 years in a general population. Health Psychol. 29, 9–19 (2010).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Melin, R., Fugl-Meyer, K. S. & Fugl-Meyer, A. R. Life satisfaction in 18- to 64-year-old Swedes: In relation to education, employment situation, health and physical activity. J. Rehabil. Med. 35, 84–90 (2003).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Nakamura, J. S., Delaney, S. W., Diener, E., VanderWeele, T. J. & Kim, E. S. Are all domains of life satisfaction equal? Differential associations with health and well-being in older adults. Qual. Life Res. 31, 1043–1056 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Imayama, I., Plotnikoff, R. C., Courneya, K. S. & Johnson, J. A. Determinants of quality of life in adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Health Qual. Life Outcomes 9, 115 (2011).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Baker, E. H. Socioeconomic status, definition. In The wiley blackwell encyclopedia of health, illness, behavior, and society (eds Cockerham, W. C. et al.) 2210–2214 (Wiley, Chichester, 2014).

    Chapter 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bollen, K. A. & Bauldry, S. Three Cs in measurement models: Causal indicators, composite indicators, and covariates. Psychol. Methods 16, 265–284 (2011).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ramesh Masthi, N. & Kulkarni, P. An exploratory study on socio economic status scales in a rural and urban setting. J. Family Med. Prim. Care 2, 69 (2013).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bhatnagar, N., Dudeja, P., Bahuguna, P. & Singh, A. Refining a socio-economic status scale for use in community-based health research in India. J. Postgrad. Med. 61, 77 (2015).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wang, R., Zhang, T. & Langhammer, B. Activities of daily living and life satisfaction of persons with stroke after rehabilitation in China: A longitudinal descriptive study. Top. Stroke Rehabi. 26, 113–121 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ekstrand, E., Lexell, J. & Brogårdh, C. Test-retest reliability of the life satisfaction questionnaire (LiSat-11) and association between items in individuals with chronic stroke. J. Rehabil. Med. 50, 713–718 (2018).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hashim, H. M., Abd Allah, E. S. & Ali El-Zeiny, H. H. Thantophobia, spirituality and life satisfaction among community dwelling elderly. Zagazig Nurs. J. 17, 85–99 (2021).

    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L. & Williams, J. B. W. The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 16, 606–613 (2001).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wolfgram, P., Zhang, L., Simpson, P. & Fiallo-Scharer, R. Clinical associations of quarterly patient health questionnaire-9 depression screening results in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr. Diabetes 21, 871–877 (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Nouwen, A. et al. Measurement invariance testing of the patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) across people with and without diabetes mellitus from the NHANES, EMHS and UK Biobank datasets. J. Affect. Disord. 292, 311–318 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Le Dinh, T. et al. The relationship between depression and multifactorial control and microvascular complications in vietnamese with Type 2 diabetes mellitus aged 30–60 years. DMSO 15, 1185–1195 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cichoń, E. et al. People with diabetes need a lower cut-off than others for depression screening with PHQ-9. PLoS ONE 15, e0240209 (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Udedi, M., Muula, A. S., Stewart, R. C. & Pence, B. W. The validity of the patient health Questionnaire-9 to screen for depression in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus in non-communicable diseases clinics in Malawi. BMC Psychiatry 19, 81 (2019).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Reddy, P., Philpot, B., Ford, D. & Dunbar, J. A. Identification of depression in diabetes: The efficacy of PHQ-9 and HADS-D. Br J. Gen. Pract. 60, e239–e245 (2010).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ramachandran, A. Know the signs and symptoms of diabetes. Indian J. Med. Res. 140, 579–581 (2014).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cloete, L. Diabetes mellitus: An overview of the types, symptoms, complications and management. Nurs. Stand. 37, 61–66 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ellenberg, M. Diabetic complications without manifest diabetes: Complications as presenting clinical symptoms. JAMA 183, 926–930 (1963).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • WHO. Diabetes. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes (2023).

  • Kim, J., Lee, M. & Dan, H. Gender differences in factors affecting life satisfaction of the elderly with multimorbidity in Korea. Nurs. Rep. 11, 54–63 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Gigantesco, A. et al. The relationship between satisfaction with life and depression symptoms by gender. Front. Psychiatry 10, 419 (2019).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ramachandran, A. & Snehalatha, C. Current scenario of diabetes in India: Diabetes in India. J. Diabetes 1, 18–28 (2009).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Corsi, D. J. & Subramanian, S. V. Association between socioeconomic status and self-reported diabetes in India: A cross-sectional multilevel analysis. BMJ Open 2, e000895 (2012).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Robbins, J. M., Vaccarino, V., Zhang, H. & Kasl, S. V. Socioeconomic status and diagnosed diabetes incidence. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 68, 230–236 (2005).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Seiglie, J. A. et al. Diabetes prevalence and its relationship with education, wealth, and BMI in 29 low- and middle-income countries. Diabetes Care 43, 767–775 (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mathisen, J. et al. Education and incident type 2 diabetes: quantifying the impact of differential exposure and susceptibility to being overweight or obese. Diabetologia 63, 1764–1774 (2020).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Brown, A. F. et al. Socioeconomic position and health among persons with diabetes mellitus: A conceptual framework and review of the literature. Epidemiol. Rev. 26, 63–77 (2004).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Agardh, E., Allebeck, P., Hallqvist, J., Moradi, T. & Sidorchuk, A. Type 2 diabetes incidence and socio-economic position: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Epidemiol. 40, 804–818 (2011).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Williams, J. et al. A systematic review of associations between non-communicable diseases and socioeconomic status within low- and lower-middle-income countries. J. Global Health 8, 020409 (2018).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Corsi, D. J. & Subramanian, S. V. Socioeconomic gradients and distribution of diabetes, hypertension, and obesity in India. JAMA Netw. Open 2, e190411 (2019).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Shrivastava, U., Misra, A., Gupta, R. & Viswanathan, V. Socioeconomic factors relating to diabetes and its management in India: 印度与糖尿病及其治疗相关的社会经济因素. J. Diabetes 8, 12–23 (2016).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Daraei, M. & Mohajery, A. The impact of socioeconomic status on life satisfaction. Soc. Indic. Res. 112, 69–81 (2013).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mirmoghtadaee, P. et al. The association of socioeconomic status of family and living region with self-rated health and life satisfaction in children and adolescents: The CASPIAN-IV study. Med. J. Islam Repub. Iran 30, 423 (2016).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rajabi Gilan, N., Khezeli, M. & Zardoshtian, S. The effect of self-rated health, subjective socioeconomic status, social capital, and physical activity on life satisfaction: A cross-sectional study in urban western Iran. BMC Public Health 21, 233 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hsieh, C. Counting importance: The case of life satisfaction and relative domain importance. Soc. Indic. Res. 61, 227–240 (2003).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rubin, R. R. & Peyrot, M. Quality of life and diabetes. Diabetes/Metab. Res. Rev. 15, 205–218 (1999).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Castillo-Carniglia, Á., Albala, C., Dangour, A. D. & Uauy, R. Factores asociados a satisfacción vital en una cohorte de adultos mayores de Santiago. Chile. Gaceta Sanitaria 26, 414–420 (2012).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Clark, N. G., Fox, K. M., Grandy, S., for the SHIELD Study Group. Symptoms of diabetes and their association with the risk and presence of diabetes. Diabetes Care 30, 2868–2873 (2007).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Millett, C., Saxena, S., Ng, A., Mainous, A. & Majeed, A. Socio-economic status, ethnicity and diabetes management: An analysis of time trends using the health survey for England. J. Public Health 29, 413–419 (2007).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Osborn, C. Y., Groot, M. D. & Wagner, J. A. Racial and ethnic disparities in diabetes complications in the Northeastern United States: The role of socioeconomic status. J. Natl. Med. Assoc. 105, 51–58 (2013).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Gulliford, M. C. & Mahabir, D. Relationship of health-related quality of life to symptom severity in diabetes mellitus. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 52, 773–780 (1999).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Leone, T., Coast, E., Narayanan, S. & De Graft Aikins, A. Diabetes and depression comorbidity and socio-economic status in low and middle income countries (LMICs): a mapping of the evidence. Global Health 8, 39 (2012).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Everson, S. A., Maty, S. C., Lynch, J. W. & Kaplan, G. A. Epidemiologic evidence for the relation between socioeconomic status and depression, obesity, and diabetes. J. Psychosom. Res. 53, 891–895 (2002).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tekir, O. The effect of diabetes symptoms on quality of life in individuals with Type 2 diabetes. Acta Endo. (Buc) 17, 186–193 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kim, J.-H. & Lee, Y.-J. A study of andropause symptoms and life satisfaction among middle-aged men. J. Korean Acad. Commun. Health Nurs. 16(2), 186–195 (2005).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Holt, R. I. G., De Groot, M. & Golden, S. H. Diabetes and depression. Curr. Diab. Rep. 14, 491 (2014).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Grootenhuis, P. A., Snoek, F. J., Heine, R. J. & Bouter, L. M. Development of a Type 2 diabetes symptom checklist: A measure of symptom severity. Diabetic Med. 11, 253–261 (1994).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Katon, W. J. The comorbidity of diabetes mellitus and depression. Am. J. Med. 121, S8–S15 (2008).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Onwuegbuzie, A. & Collins, K. A typology of mixed methods sampling designs in social science research. TQR https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2007.1638 (2015).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Government of India. Census – 2011. https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-Common/Archive.html (2011).

  • WHO. STEPwise approach to NCD risk factor surveillance (STEPS). https://www.who.int/teams/noncommunicable-diseases/surveillance/systems-tools/steps.

  • Ringle, C. M., Wende, S. & Becker, J.-M. SmartPLS 4. SmartPLS (2022).

  • Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M. & Ringle, C. M. When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. EBR 31, 2–24 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hanafiah, M. H. Formative vs. reflective measurement model: Guidelines for structural equation modeling research. Int. J. Anal. Appl. 18, 876–889 (2020).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Murri, M. B. et al. The interplay between diabetes, depression and affective temperaments: A structural equation model. J. Affect. Disord. 219, 64–71 (2017).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Walker, R. J., Gebregziabher, M., Martin-Harris, B. & Egede, L. E. Understanding the influence of psychological and socioeconomic factors on diabetes self-care using structured equation modeling. Patient Educ. Couns. 98, 34–40 (2015).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Jarvis, C. B., MacKenzie, S. B. & Podsakoff, P. M. A critical Review of construct indicators and measurement model misspecification in marketing and consumer research. J. Consum. Res. 30, 199–218 (2003).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hair, J. F. et al. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) Using R: A Workbook (Springer, Cham, 2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7.

    Book 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M. & Sarstedt, M. A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (SAGE, Melbourne, 2022).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M. & Sarstedt, M. A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. J. Acad. Mark. Sci. 43, 115–135 (2015).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cheah, J.-H., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., Ramayah, T. & Ting, H. Convergent validity assessment of formatively measured constructs in PLS-SEM: On using single-item versus multi-item measures in redundancy analyses. IJCHM 30, 3192–3210 (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Liengaard, B. D. et al. Prediction: Coveted, yet forsaken? introducing a cross-validated predictive ability test in partial least squares path modeling. Decis. Sci. 52, 362–392 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sharma, P. N., Liengaard, B. D., Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M. & Ringle, C. M. Predictive model assessment and selection in composite-based modeling using PLS-SEM: Extensions and guidelines for using CVPAT. EJM 57, 1662–1677 (2023).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Diener, E. Subjective well-being. Psychol. Bull. 95, 542–575 (1984).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Scherpenzeel, A. & Saris, W. Causal direction in a model of life satisfaction: The top-down/bottom-up controversy. Soc. Indic. Res. 38, 161–180 (1996).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Headey, B., Veenhoven, R. & Wearing, A. Top-down versus bottom-up theories of subjective well-being. Soc. Indic. Res. 24, 81–100 (1991).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hill-Briggs, F. et al. Social determinants of health and diabetes: A scientific review. Diabetes Care 44, 258–279 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Houle, J. et al. Socioeconomic status and glycemic control in adult patients with type 2 diabetes: A mediation analysis. BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care 4, e000184 (2016).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Aarthy, R. et al. Quality of life and diabetes in India: A scoping review. Indian J. Endocr. Metab. 25, 365 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Gwozdz, W. & Sousa-Poza, A. Ageing, health and life satisfaction of the oldest old: An analysis for Germany. Soc. Indic. Res. 97, 397–417 (2010).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kumar, A. India towards diabetes control: Key issues. AMJ 6, 524–531 (2013).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Das, A. K. et al. Health care delivery model in India with relevance to diabetes care. Heliyon 8, e10904 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Deepa, M. et al. Knowledge and awareness of diabetes in urban and rural India: The Indian Council of Medical Research India diabetes study (Phase I): Indian Council of Medical Research India diabetes 4. Indian J. Endocr. Metab. 18, 379 (2014).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tai, S.-Y., He, J.-S., Kuo, C.-T. & Kawachi, I. Urban-rural disparities in the incidence of diabetes-related complications in Taiwan: A propensity score matching analysis. JCM 9, 3012 (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Banerjee, S. Determinants of rural-urban differential in healthcare utilization among the elderly population in India. BMC Public Health 21, 939 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Shergill, H. S. Rural-urban disparity in the standard of living across states of India. Econ. Political Weekly 56, 20220034391 (2021).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Tibblin, G., Bengtsson, C., Furunes, B. & Lapidus, L. Symptoms by age and sex: The population studies of men and women in Gothenburg, Sweden. Scand. J. Prim. Health Care 8, 9–17 (1990).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Boss, G. R. & Seegmiller, J. E. Age-related physiological changes and their clinical significance. West J Med 135, 434–440 (1981).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Fernández-Ballesteros, R., Dolores Zamarrón, M. & Angel Ruíz, M. The contribution of socio-demographic and psychosocial factors to life satisfaction. Ageing Soc. 21, 25–43 (2001).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ranjan, S. & Thakur, R. Gender differential in awareness and risk factors of diabetes among diabetes patients in India. J. Public Health (Berl.) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-023-01933-1 (2023).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wang, Z., Li, X. & Chen, M. Socioeconomic factors and inequality in the prevalence and treatment of diabetes among middle-aged and elderly adults in China. J. Diabetes Res. 2018, 1–12 (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Related posts

    'Diabetes distress' increases risk of mental health problems in young people living with type 1 diabetes

    Mental health in diabetes care. Time to step up

    Effects of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy–Based Intervention on Improving Glycaemic, Psychological, and Physiological Outcomes in Adult Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials