Narkiewicz K. Diagnosis and management of hypertension in obesity. Obes Rev. 2006;7(2):155–62.
Google Scholar
La Sala L, Pontiroli AE. Prevention of diabetes and cardiovascular disease in obesity. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(21):8178.
Google Scholar
Kannel WB. The Framingham study: its 50-year legacy and future promise. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2000;6:60–6.
Google Scholar
Rowe JW, Young JB, Minaker KL, Stevens AL, Pallotta J, Landsberg L. Effect of insulin and glucose infusions on sympathetic nervous system activity in normal man. Diabetes. 1981;30:219–25.
Google Scholar
Perego L, Pizzocri P, Corradi D, Maisano F, Paganelli M, Fiorina P, et al. Circulating leptin correlates with left ventricular mass in morbid (grade III) obesity before and after weight loss induced by bariatric surgery: a potential role for leptin in mediating human left ventricular hypertrophy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:4087–93.
Google Scholar
Hall JE, do Carmo JM, da Silva AA, Wang Z, Hall ME. Obesity, kidney dysfunction and hypertension: mechanistic links. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2019;15:367–85.
Google Scholar
Fiorentino TV, Prioletta A, Zuo P, Folli F. Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and its role in diabetes mellitus related cardiovascular diseases. Curr Pharm Des. 2013;19:5695–703.
Google Scholar
Ferrannini E, Buzzagol G, Boononna R, Joric MA, Outcome M, Grace-Dei L, et al. Resulating insulating in hypertension. Ngl J Med. 1987;317:350–7.
Google Scholar
Velloso LA, Folli F, Sun XJ, White MF, Saad MJ, Kahn CR. Cross-talk between the insulin and angiotensin signaling systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996;93:12490–5.
Google Scholar
Velloso LA, Folli F, Perego L, Saad MJ. The multi-faceted cross-talk between the insulin and angiotensin II signaling systems. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2006;22:98–107.
Google Scholar
La Sala L, Tagliabue E, Vieira E, Pontiroli AE, Folli F. High plasma renin activity associates with obesity-related diabetes and arterial hypertension, and predicts persistent hypertension after bariatric surgery. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20:118.
Google Scholar
Fryar CD, Carroll MD, Afful J. Prevalence of overweight, obesity, and severe obesity among adults aged 20 and over: United States, 1960–1962 through 2017–2018. Hyattsville, MD: NCHS, Health E-Stats, 2020.
Ward ZJ, Bleich SN, Cradock AL, et al. Projected U.S. state-level prevalence of adult obesity and severe obesity. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:2440–50.
Google Scholar
Xu J, Zhang R, Guo R, Wang Y, Dai Y, Xie Y, et al. Trajectories of body mass index and risk of incident hypertension among a normal body mass index population: a prospective cohort study. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2021;23:1212–20.
Google Scholar
Tan L, Long LZ, Ma XC, Yang WW, Liao FF, Peng YX, et al. Association of body mass index trajectory and hypertension risk: a systematic review of cohort studies and network meta-analysis of 89,094 participants. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023;9:941341.
Google Scholar
Morys F, Dadar M, Dagher A. Association between midlife obesity and its metabolic consequences, cerebrovascular disease, and cognitive decline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106:e4260–74.
Google Scholar
Liu R, Mi B, Zhao Y, Dang S, Yan H. Long-term body mass trajectories and hypertension by sex among Chinese adults: a 24-year open cohort study. Sci Rep. 2021;11:12915.
Google Scholar
Guh DP, Zhang W, Bansback N, Amarsi Z, Birmingham CL, Anis AH. The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2009;9(1):88.
Google Scholar
Shihab HM, Meoni LA, Chu AY, Wang NY, Ford DE, Liang KY, et al. Body mass index and risk of incident hypertension over the life course: the Johns Hopkins Precursors Study. Circulation. 2012;126:2983–9.
Google Scholar
Chandra A, Neeland IJ, Berry JD, Ayers CR, Rohatgi A, Das SR, et al. The relationship of body mass and fat distribution with incident hypertension: observations from the Dallas Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:997–1002.
Google Scholar
Ndumele CE, Matsushita K, Lazo M, Bello N, Blumenthal RS, Gerstenblith G, et al. Obesity and subtypes of incident cardiovascular disease. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5:e003921.
Google Scholar
Prospective Studies Collaboration, Whitlock G, Lewington S, Sherliker P, Clarke R, Emberson J, et al. Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies. Lancet. 2009;373:1083–96.
Google Scholar
Di Angelantonio E, Bhupathiraju SN, Wormser D, Gao P, Kaptoge S, De Gonzalez AB, et al. Body-mass index and all-cause mortality: individual-participant-data meta-analysis of 239 prospective studies in four continents. The lancet. 2016;388(10046):776–86.
Google Scholar
Bhaskaran K, Dos-Santos-Silva I, Leon DA, Douglas IJ, Smeeth L. Association of BMI with overall and cause-specific mortality: a population-based cohort study of 3·6 million adults in the UK. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6:944–53.
Google Scholar
Pontiroli AE, Pizzocri P, Librenti MC, Vedani P, Marchi M, Cucchi E, et al. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding for the treatment of morbid (grade 3) obesity and its metabolic complications: a three year study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:3555–61.
Google Scholar
The Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. The sixth report of joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:2413–46.
Google Scholar
DeLong ER, DeLong DM, Clarke-Pearson DL. Comparing the areas under two or more correlated receiver operating characteristic curves: a nonparametric approach. Biometrics. 1988;44:837–45.
Google Scholar
Yusuf S, Joseph P, Rangarajan S, Islam S, Mente A, Hystad P, et al. Modifiable risk factors, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in 155 722 individuals from 21 high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries (PURE): a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395:795–808.
Google Scholar
Flegal KM, Kit BK, Orpana H, Graubard BI. Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2013;309:71–82.
Google Scholar
Vazquez G, Duval S, Jacobs DR Jr, Silventoinen K. Comparison of body mass index, waist circumference, and waist/hip ratio in predicting incident diabetes: a meta-analysis. Epidemiol Rev. 2007;29:115–28.
Google Scholar
Sun Y, Liu B, Smith JK, Correia MLG, Jones DL, Zhu Z, et al. Association of preoperative body weight and weight loss with risk of death after bariatric surgery. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3:e204803.
Google Scholar
Singhal R, Omar I, Madhok B, Ludwig C, Tahrani AA, Mahawar K, et al. Effect of BMI on safety of bariatric surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic, procedure choice, and safety protocols – an analysis from the GENEVA study. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2022;16:249–53.
Google Scholar
Cohen RV, Busetto L, Levinson R, Le Roux CW, Salminen P, Prager G, et al. International consensus position statement on the role of obesity management medications in the context of metabolic bariatric surgery: expert guideline by the International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders (IFSO). Br J Surg. 2024;111:znae283.
Google Scholar
Ilanga M, Heard JC, McClintic J, Lewis D, Martin G, Horn C, et al. Use of GLP-1 agonists in high-risk patients prior to bariatric surgery: a cohort study. Surg Endosc. 2023;37:9509–13.
Google Scholar
Buchwald H, Estok R, Fahrbach K, Banel D, Jensen MD, Pories WJ, et al. Weight and type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2009;122(3):248-256.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.09.041.
Google Scholar
Yao Z, Tchang BG, Albert M, Blumenthal RS, Nasir K, Blaha MJ. Associations between class I, II, or III obesity and health outcomes. NEJM Evid. 2025;4:EVIDoa2400229.
Google Scholar