Home Emotional Effects The effect of socioeconomic status, depression, and diabetes symptoms severity on diabetes patient’s life satisfaction in India

The effect of socioeconomic status, depression, and diabetes symptoms severity on diabetes patient’s life satisfaction in India

by Ramna Thakur
0 comments
  • Jonsson, B. The economic impact of diabetes. Diabetes Care 21, C7–C10 (1998).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ong, K. L. et al. Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021. The Lancet 402, 203–234 (2023).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lin, X. et al. Global, regional, and national burden and trend of diabetes in 195 countries and territories: An analysis from 1990 to 2025. Sci. Rep. 10, 14790 (2020).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Pandey, S. & Sharma, V. World diabetes day 2018: Battling the emerging epidemic of diabetic retinopathy. Indian J. Ophthalmol. 66, 1652 (2018).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Pradeepa, R., Deepa, R. & Mohan, V. Epidemiology of diabetes in India–current perspective and future projections. J. Indian Med. Assoc. 100, 144–148 (2002).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Oberoi, S. & Kansra, P. Economic menace of diabetes in India: A systematic review. Int. J. Diabetes Dev. Ctries 40, 464–475 (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Moeineslam, M. et al. Diabetes in women and health-related quality of life in the whole family: A structural equation modeling. Health Qual. Life Outcomes 17, 178 (2019).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Alhaik, S., Anshasi, H. A., Alkhawaldeh, J., Soh, K. L. & Naji, A. M. An assessment of self-care knowledge among patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab. Syndr.: Clin. Res. Rev. 13, 390–394 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mendenhall, E., Narayanan, G. & Prabhakaran, D. Depression and diabetes in India: Perspectives and recommendations: Depression and diabetes in India. Diabetic Med. 29, e308–e311 (2012).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Banker, K. K. et al. The impact of diabetes on productivity in India. Diabetes Care 44, 2714–2722 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bansode, B. & Jungari, D. S. Economic burden of diabetic patients in India: A review. Diabetes Metab. Syndr.: Clin. Res. Rev. 13, 2469–2472 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Drivsholm, T., De Fine Olivarius, N., Nielsen, A. B. S. & Siersma, V. Symptoms, signs and complications in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients, and their relationship to glycaemia, blood pressure and weight. Diabetologia 48, 210–214 (2005).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Deshpande, A. D., Harris-Hayes, M. & Schootman, M. Epidemiology of diabetes and diabetes-related complications. Phys. Ther. 88, 1254–1264 (2008).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tuncay, F. Ö. & Avcı, D. Association between self-care management and life satisfaction in patients with diabetes mellitus. Eur. J. Integr. Med. 35, 101099 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hoothay, F., DeStefano, A., Leary, E. & Foley-Hartel, T. Life satisfaction and coping of diabetic hemodialysis patients. ANNA J 17, 361–364 (1990).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Priya, M. A study on life satisfaction level among persons with diabetes IOSR-J. Humanit. Soc. Sci. 3, 51–55 (2017).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Hall, A. Life satisfaction, concept of. In Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research (ed. Michalos, A. C.) 3599–3601 (Springer, Netherlands, 2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_1649.

    Chapter 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mauricio, D. Quality of life and treatment satisfaction are highly relevant patient-reported outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann. Transl. Med 6, 220–220 (2018).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lee, L., Hsieh, C. & Lin, Y. Life satisfaction and emotional distress in people living with type 2 diabetes mellitus: The mediating effect of cognitive function. J. Clin. Nurs. 30, 2673–2682 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Charzyńska, E., Kocur, D., Działach, S. & Brenner, R. E. Testing the indirect effect of type 1 diabetes on life satisfaction through self-compassion and self-coldness. Mindfulness 11, 2486–2493 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Baumann, M., Tchicaya, A., Lorentz, N. & Le Bihan, E. Life satisfaction and longitudinal changes in physical activity, diabetes and obesity among patients with cardiovascular diseases. BMC Public Health 17, 925 (2017).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Dubey, A. & Agarwal, A. Coping strategies and life satisfaction: Chronically ill patients’ perspectives. J. Ind. Acad. Appl. Psychol. 33, 161–168 (2007).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Okwaraji, F. E., Onyebueke, G. C., Nduanya, C. U. & Nwokpoku, E. N. Life satisfaction, self esteem and mental health in a sample of diabetic out-patients attending a Nigerian tertiary health institution. J. Med. Res. 3, 60–65 (2017).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Koivumaa-Honkanen, H. Self-reported life satisfaction and 20-year mortality in healthy finnish adults. Am. J. Epidemiol. 152, 983–991 (2000).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rosella, L. C., Fu, L., Buajitti, E. & Goel, V. Death and chronic disease risk associated with poor life satisfaction: A population-based cohort study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 188, 323–331 (2019).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Guven, C. & Saloumidis, R. Life satisfaction and longevity: Longitudinal evidence from the German socio-economic panel. German Econ. Rev. 15, 453–472 (2014).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kimm, H., Sull, J. W., Gombojav, B., Yi, S.-W. & Ohrr, H. Life satisfaction and mortality in elderly people: The Kangwha cohort study. BMC Public Health 12, 54 (2012).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Xu, J. & Roberts, R. E. The power of positive emotions: It’s a matter of life or death—Subjective well-being and longevity over 28 years in a general population. Health Psychol. 29, 9–19 (2010).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Melin, R., Fugl-Meyer, K. S. & Fugl-Meyer, A. R. Life satisfaction in 18- to 64-year-old Swedes: In relation to education, employment situation, health and physical activity. J. Rehabil. Med. 35, 84–90 (2003).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Nakamura, J. S., Delaney, S. W., Diener, E., VanderWeele, T. J. & Kim, E. S. Are all domains of life satisfaction equal? Differential associations with health and well-being in older adults. Qual. Life Res. 31, 1043–1056 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Imayama, I., Plotnikoff, R. C., Courneya, K. S. & Johnson, J. A. Determinants of quality of life in adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Health Qual. Life Outcomes 9, 115 (2011).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Baker, E. H. Socioeconomic status, definition. In The wiley blackwell encyclopedia of health, illness, behavior, and society (eds Cockerham, W. C. et al.) 2210–2214 (Wiley, Chichester, 2014).

    Chapter 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bollen, K. A. & Bauldry, S. Three Cs in measurement models: Causal indicators, composite indicators, and covariates. Psychol. Methods 16, 265–284 (2011).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ramesh Masthi, N. & Kulkarni, P. An exploratory study on socio economic status scales in a rural and urban setting. J. Family Med. Prim. Care 2, 69 (2013).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bhatnagar, N., Dudeja, P., Bahuguna, P. & Singh, A. Refining a socio-economic status scale for use in community-based health research in India. J. Postgrad. Med. 61, 77 (2015).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wang, R., Zhang, T. & Langhammer, B. Activities of daily living and life satisfaction of persons with stroke after rehabilitation in China: A longitudinal descriptive study. Top. Stroke Rehabi. 26, 113–121 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ekstrand, E., Lexell, J. & Brogårdh, C. Test-retest reliability of the life satisfaction questionnaire (LiSat-11) and association between items in individuals with chronic stroke. J. Rehabil. Med. 50, 713–718 (2018).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hashim, H. M., Abd Allah, E. S. & Ali El-Zeiny, H. H. Thantophobia, spirituality and life satisfaction among community dwelling elderly. Zagazig Nurs. J. 17, 85–99 (2021).

    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L. & Williams, J. B. W. The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 16, 606–613 (2001).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wolfgram, P., Zhang, L., Simpson, P. & Fiallo-Scharer, R. Clinical associations of quarterly patient health questionnaire-9 depression screening results in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr. Diabetes 21, 871–877 (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Nouwen, A. et al. Measurement invariance testing of the patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) across people with and without diabetes mellitus from the NHANES, EMHS and UK Biobank datasets. J. Affect. Disord. 292, 311–318 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Le Dinh, T. et al. The relationship between depression and multifactorial control and microvascular complications in vietnamese with Type 2 diabetes mellitus aged 30–60 years. DMSO 15, 1185–1195 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cichoń, E. et al. People with diabetes need a lower cut-off than others for depression screening with PHQ-9. PLoS ONE 15, e0240209 (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Udedi, M., Muula, A. S., Stewart, R. C. & Pence, B. W. The validity of the patient health Questionnaire-9 to screen for depression in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus in non-communicable diseases clinics in Malawi. BMC Psychiatry 19, 81 (2019).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Reddy, P., Philpot, B., Ford, D. & Dunbar, J. A. Identification of depression in diabetes: The efficacy of PHQ-9 and HADS-D. Br J. Gen. Pract. 60, e239–e245 (2010).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ramachandran, A. Know the signs and symptoms of diabetes. Indian J. Med. Res. 140, 579–581 (2014).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cloete, L. Diabetes mellitus: An overview of the types, symptoms, complications and management. Nurs. Stand. 37, 61–66 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ellenberg, M. Diabetic complications without manifest diabetes: Complications as presenting clinical symptoms. JAMA 183, 926–930 (1963).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • WHO. Diabetes. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes (2023).

  • Kim, J., Lee, M. & Dan, H. Gender differences in factors affecting life satisfaction of the elderly with multimorbidity in Korea. Nurs. Rep. 11, 54–63 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Gigantesco, A. et al. The relationship between satisfaction with life and depression symptoms by gender. Front. Psychiatry 10, 419 (2019).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ramachandran, A. & Snehalatha, C. Current scenario of diabetes in India: Diabetes in India. J. Diabetes 1, 18–28 (2009).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Corsi, D. J. & Subramanian, S. V. Association between socioeconomic status and self-reported diabetes in India: A cross-sectional multilevel analysis. BMJ Open 2, e000895 (2012).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Robbins, J. M., Vaccarino, V., Zhang, H. & Kasl, S. V. Socioeconomic status and diagnosed diabetes incidence. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 68, 230–236 (2005).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Seiglie, J. A. et al. Diabetes prevalence and its relationship with education, wealth, and BMI in 29 low- and middle-income countries. Diabetes Care 43, 767–775 (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mathisen, J. et al. Education and incident type 2 diabetes: quantifying the impact of differential exposure and susceptibility to being overweight or obese. Diabetologia 63, 1764–1774 (2020).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Brown, A. F. et al. Socioeconomic position and health among persons with diabetes mellitus: A conceptual framework and review of the literature. Epidemiol. Rev. 26, 63–77 (2004).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Agardh, E., Allebeck, P., Hallqvist, J., Moradi, T. & Sidorchuk, A. Type 2 diabetes incidence and socio-economic position: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Epidemiol. 40, 804–818 (2011).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Williams, J. et al. A systematic review of associations between non-communicable diseases and socioeconomic status within low- and lower-middle-income countries. J. Global Health 8, 020409 (2018).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Corsi, D. J. & Subramanian, S. V. Socioeconomic gradients and distribution of diabetes, hypertension, and obesity in India. JAMA Netw. Open 2, e190411 (2019).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Shrivastava, U., Misra, A., Gupta, R. & Viswanathan, V. Socioeconomic factors relating to diabetes and its management in India: 印度与糖尿病及其治疗相关的社会经济因素. J. Diabetes 8, 12–23 (2016).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Daraei, M. & Mohajery, A. The impact of socioeconomic status on life satisfaction. Soc. Indic. Res. 112, 69–81 (2013).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mirmoghtadaee, P. et al. The association of socioeconomic status of family and living region with self-rated health and life satisfaction in children and adolescents: The CASPIAN-IV study. Med. J. Islam Repub. Iran 30, 423 (2016).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rajabi Gilan, N., Khezeli, M. & Zardoshtian, S. The effect of self-rated health, subjective socioeconomic status, social capital, and physical activity on life satisfaction: A cross-sectional study in urban western Iran. BMC Public Health 21, 233 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hsieh, C. Counting importance: The case of life satisfaction and relative domain importance. Soc. Indic. Res. 61, 227–240 (2003).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rubin, R. R. & Peyrot, M. Quality of life and diabetes. Diabetes/Metab. Res. Rev. 15, 205–218 (1999).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Castillo-Carniglia, Á., Albala, C., Dangour, A. D. & Uauy, R. Factores asociados a satisfacción vital en una cohorte de adultos mayores de Santiago. Chile. Gaceta Sanitaria 26, 414–420 (2012).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Clark, N. G., Fox, K. M., Grandy, S., for the SHIELD Study Group. Symptoms of diabetes and their association with the risk and presence of diabetes. Diabetes Care 30, 2868–2873 (2007).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Millett, C., Saxena, S., Ng, A., Mainous, A. & Majeed, A. Socio-economic status, ethnicity and diabetes management: An analysis of time trends using the health survey for England. J. Public Health 29, 413–419 (2007).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Osborn, C. Y., Groot, M. D. & Wagner, J. A. Racial and ethnic disparities in diabetes complications in the Northeastern United States: The role of socioeconomic status. J. Natl. Med. Assoc. 105, 51–58 (2013).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Gulliford, M. C. & Mahabir, D. Relationship of health-related quality of life to symptom severity in diabetes mellitus. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 52, 773–780 (1999).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Leone, T., Coast, E., Narayanan, S. & De Graft Aikins, A. Diabetes and depression comorbidity and socio-economic status in low and middle income countries (LMICs): a mapping of the evidence. Global Health 8, 39 (2012).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Everson, S. A., Maty, S. C., Lynch, J. W. & Kaplan, G. A. Epidemiologic evidence for the relation between socioeconomic status and depression, obesity, and diabetes. J. Psychosom. Res. 53, 891–895 (2002).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tekir, O. The effect of diabetes symptoms on quality of life in individuals with Type 2 diabetes. Acta Endo. (Buc) 17, 186–193 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kim, J.-H. & Lee, Y.-J. A study of andropause symptoms and life satisfaction among middle-aged men. J. Korean Acad. Commun. Health Nurs. 16(2), 186–195 (2005).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Holt, R. I. G., De Groot, M. & Golden, S. H. Diabetes and depression. Curr. Diab. Rep. 14, 491 (2014).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Grootenhuis, P. A., Snoek, F. J., Heine, R. J. & Bouter, L. M. Development of a Type 2 diabetes symptom checklist: A measure of symptom severity. Diabetic Med. 11, 253–261 (1994).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Katon, W. J. The comorbidity of diabetes mellitus and depression. Am. J. Med. 121, S8–S15 (2008).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Onwuegbuzie, A. & Collins, K. A typology of mixed methods sampling designs in social science research. TQR https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2007.1638 (2015).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Government of India. Census – 2011. https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-Common/Archive.html (2011).

  • WHO. STEPwise approach to NCD risk factor surveillance (STEPS). https://www.who.int/teams/noncommunicable-diseases/surveillance/systems-tools/steps.

  • Ringle, C. M., Wende, S. & Becker, J.-M. SmartPLS 4. SmartPLS (2022).

  • Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M. & Ringle, C. M. When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. EBR 31, 2–24 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hanafiah, M. H. Formative vs. reflective measurement model: Guidelines for structural equation modeling research. Int. J. Anal. Appl. 18, 876–889 (2020).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Murri, M. B. et al. The interplay between diabetes, depression and affective temperaments: A structural equation model. J. Affect. Disord. 219, 64–71 (2017).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Walker, R. J., Gebregziabher, M., Martin-Harris, B. & Egede, L. E. Understanding the influence of psychological and socioeconomic factors on diabetes self-care using structured equation modeling. Patient Educ. Couns. 98, 34–40 (2015).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Jarvis, C. B., MacKenzie, S. B. & Podsakoff, P. M. A critical Review of construct indicators and measurement model misspecification in marketing and consumer research. J. Consum. Res. 30, 199–218 (2003).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hair, J. F. et al. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) Using R: A Workbook (Springer, Cham, 2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7.

    Book 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M. & Sarstedt, M. A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (SAGE, Melbourne, 2022).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M. & Sarstedt, M. A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. J. Acad. Mark. Sci. 43, 115–135 (2015).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cheah, J.-H., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., Ramayah, T. & Ting, H. Convergent validity assessment of formatively measured constructs in PLS-SEM: On using single-item versus multi-item measures in redundancy analyses. IJCHM 30, 3192–3210 (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Liengaard, B. D. et al. Prediction: Coveted, yet forsaken? introducing a cross-validated predictive ability test in partial least squares path modeling. Decis. Sci. 52, 362–392 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sharma, P. N., Liengaard, B. D., Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M. & Ringle, C. M. Predictive model assessment and selection in composite-based modeling using PLS-SEM: Extensions and guidelines for using CVPAT. EJM 57, 1662–1677 (2023).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Diener, E. Subjective well-being. Psychol. Bull. 95, 542–575 (1984).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Scherpenzeel, A. & Saris, W. Causal direction in a model of life satisfaction: The top-down/bottom-up controversy. Soc. Indic. Res. 38, 161–180 (1996).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Headey, B., Veenhoven, R. & Wearing, A. Top-down versus bottom-up theories of subjective well-being. Soc. Indic. Res. 24, 81–100 (1991).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hill-Briggs, F. et al. Social determinants of health and diabetes: A scientific review. Diabetes Care 44, 258–279 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Houle, J. et al. Socioeconomic status and glycemic control in adult patients with type 2 diabetes: A mediation analysis. BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care 4, e000184 (2016).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Aarthy, R. et al. Quality of life and diabetes in India: A scoping review. Indian J. Endocr. Metab. 25, 365 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Gwozdz, W. & Sousa-Poza, A. Ageing, health and life satisfaction of the oldest old: An analysis for Germany. Soc. Indic. Res. 97, 397–417 (2010).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kumar, A. India towards diabetes control: Key issues. AMJ 6, 524–531 (2013).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Das, A. K. et al. Health care delivery model in India with relevance to diabetes care. Heliyon 8, e10904 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Deepa, M. et al. Knowledge and awareness of diabetes in urban and rural India: The Indian Council of Medical Research India diabetes study (Phase I): Indian Council of Medical Research India diabetes 4. Indian J. Endocr. Metab. 18, 379 (2014).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tai, S.-Y., He, J.-S., Kuo, C.-T. & Kawachi, I. Urban-rural disparities in the incidence of diabetes-related complications in Taiwan: A propensity score matching analysis. JCM 9, 3012 (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Banerjee, S. Determinants of rural-urban differential in healthcare utilization among the elderly population in India. BMC Public Health 21, 939 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Shergill, H. S. Rural-urban disparity in the standard of living across states of India. Econ. Political Weekly 56, 20220034391 (2021).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Tibblin, G., Bengtsson, C., Furunes, B. & Lapidus, L. Symptoms by age and sex: The population studies of men and women in Gothenburg, Sweden. Scand. J. Prim. Health Care 8, 9–17 (1990).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Boss, G. R. & Seegmiller, J. E. Age-related physiological changes and their clinical significance. West J Med 135, 434–440 (1981).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Fernández-Ballesteros, R., Dolores Zamarrón, M. & Angel Ruíz, M. The contribution of socio-demographic and psychosocial factors to life satisfaction. Ageing Soc. 21, 25–43 (2001).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ranjan, S. & Thakur, R. Gender differential in awareness and risk factors of diabetes among diabetes patients in India. J. Public Health (Berl.) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-023-01933-1 (2023).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wang, Z., Li, X. & Chen, M. Socioeconomic factors and inequality in the prevalence and treatment of diabetes among middle-aged and elderly adults in China. J. Diabetes Res. 2018, 1–12 (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • You may also like

    Leave a Comment

    Today’s Diabetes News, your ultimate destination for up-to-date and insightful information on diabetes, health tips, and living a fulfilling life with diabetes. Our mission is to empower and support individuals with diabetes, their loved ones, and the wider community by providing reliable, relevant, and engaging content that fosters a healthier and happier life.

    Interesting Topics

    Most Viewed Articles

    Latest Articles

    Copyright MatchingDonors.com©️ 2024 All rights reserved.

    Are you sure want to unlock this post?
    Unlock left : 0
    Are you sure want to cancel subscription?