Sun H, Saeedi P, Karuranga S, Pinkepank M, Ogurtsova K, Duncan BB, et al. IDF diabetes atlas: global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;183:109119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109119.
Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Depressive disorder (depression). 2024. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression.
Ferrari AJ, Charlson FJ, Norman RE, Patten SB, Freedman G, Murray CJ, et al. Burden of depressive disorders by country, sex, age, and year: findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. PLoS Med. 2013;10:e1001547.
Google Scholar
Goldenberg R, Punthakee Z. Definition, classification and diagnosis of diabetes, prediabetes and metabolic syndrome. Can J Diabetes. 2013;37:S8–11.
Google Scholar
da Silva Rosa SC, Nayak N, Caymo AM, Gordon JW. Mechanisms of muscle insulin resistance and the cross-talk with liver and adipose tissue. Physiol Rep. 2020;8:e14607.
Google Scholar
Arnold SE, Arvanitakis Z, Macauley-Rambach SL, Koenig AM, Wang H-Y, Ahima RS, et al. Brain insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer disease: concepts and conundrums. Nat Rev Neurol. 2018;14:168–81.
Google Scholar
Mullins RJ, Diehl TC, Chia CW, Kapogiannis D. Insulin resistance as a link between amyloid-beta and tau pathologies in Alzheimer’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci. 2017;9:118. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00118.
Google Scholar
van Gils V, Rizzo M, Côté J, Viechtbauer W, Fanelli G, Salas-Salvadó J, et al. The association of glucose metabolism measures and diabetes status with Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers of amyloid and tau: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2024;159:105604.
Google Scholar
Golden SH. A review of the evidence for a neuroendocrine link between stress, depression and diabetes mellitus. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2007;3:252–9.
Google Scholar
Champaneri S, Wand GS, Malhotra SS, Casagrande SS, Golden SH. Biological basis of depression in adults with diabetes. Curr Diab Rep. 2010;10:396–405.
Google Scholar
Zanoveli JM, Morais HD, Dias IC, Schreiber AK, Souza CP, Cunha JM. Depression associated with diabetes: from pathophysiology to treatment. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2016;12:165–78.
Google Scholar
Rotella F, Mannucci E. Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for depression. a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2013;99:98–104.
Google Scholar
Wimberley T, Horsdal HT, Brikell I, Laursen TM, Astrup A, Fanelli G, et al. Temporally ordered associations between type 2 diabetes and brain disorders—a Danish register-based cohort study. BMC Psychiatry. 2022;22:573.
Google Scholar
Possidente C, Fanelli G, Serretti A, Fabbri C. Clinical insights into the cross-link between mood disorders and type 2 diabetes: a review of longitudinal studies and mendelian randomisation analyses. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2023;152:105298.
Google Scholar
Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, Clouse RE, Lustman PJ. The prevalence of comorbid depression in adults with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:1069–78.
Google Scholar
Roy T, Lloyd CE. Epidemiology of depression and diabetes: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2012;142:S8–21.
Google Scholar
Collins MM, Corcoran P, Perry IJ. Anxiety and depression symptoms in patients with diabetes. Diabet Med J Br Diabet Assoc. 2009;26:153–61.
Google Scholar
Lunghi C, Moisan J, Grégoire J-P, Guénette L. Incidence of depression and associated factors in patients with type 2 diabetes in Quebec, Canada: a population-based cohort study. Medicine. 2016;95:e3514.
Google Scholar
Meshkat S, Liu Y, Jung H, Tassone VK, Pang H, Janssen-Aguilar R, et al. Temporal associations of BMI and glucose parameters with depressive symptoms among US adults. Psychiatry Res. 2024;332:115709.
Google Scholar
Nong Y, Wu G, Lu J, Wei X, Yu D. The mediating role of obesity in the development of depression in individuals with diabetes: a population-based study from NHANES 2005–2014. J Affect Disord. 2024;351:977–82.
Google Scholar
Katon W, Fan MY, Unutzer J, Taylor J, Pincus H, Schoenbaum M. Depression and diabetes: a potentially lethal combination. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23:1571–5.
Google Scholar
Knol MJ, Heerdink ER, Egberts AC, Geerlings MI, Gorter KJ, Numans ME, et al. Depressive symptoms in subjects with diagnosed and undiagnosed type 2 diabetes. Psychosom Med. 2007;69:300–5.
Google Scholar
Nouwen A, Nefs G, Caramlau I, Connock M, Winkley K, Lloyd CE, et al. Prevalence of depression in individuals with impaired glucose metabolism or undiagnosed diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the european depression in diabetes (EDID) research consortium. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:752–62.
Google Scholar
Lunghi C, Zongo A, Tardif I, Demers É, Diendéré JDR, Guénette L. Depression but not non-persistence to antidiabetic drugs is associated with mortality in type 2 diabetes: a nested case-control study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2021;171:108566.
Google Scholar
Messina R, Iommi M, Rucci P, Reno C, Fantini MP, Lunghi C, et al. Is it time to consider depression as a major complication of type 2 diabetes? Evidence from a large population-based cohort study. Acta Diabetol. 2022;59:95–104.
Google Scholar
Tardif I, Guénette L, Zongo A, Demers É, Lunghi C. Depression and the risk of hospitalization in type 2 diabetes patients: a nested case-control study accounting for non-persistence to antidiabetic treatment. Diabetes Metab. 2022;48:101334.
Google Scholar
Farooqi A, Khunti K, Abner S, Gillies C, Morriss R, Seidu S. Comorbid depression and risk of cardiac events and cardiac mortality in people with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pr. 2019;156:107816.
Google Scholar
Prigge R, Wild SH, Jackson CA. Depression, diabetes, comorbid depression and diabetes and risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a prospective cohort study. Diabetologia. 2022;65:1450–60.
Google Scholar
Rotella F, Mannucci E. Depression as a risk factor for diabetes: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74:31–7.
Google Scholar
Fanelli G, Serretti A. Depression, antidepressants, and insulin resistance: which link? Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2022;60:4–6.
Google Scholar
Fisher L, Hessler DM, Polonsky WH, Mullan J. When is diabetes distress clinically meaningful?: establishing cut points for the diabetes distress scale. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:259–64.
Google Scholar
Gonzalez JS, Fisher L, Polonsky WH. Depression in diabetes: have we been missing something important? Diabetes Care. 2011;34:236–9.
Google Scholar
Gonzalez Heredia T, González-Ramírez LP, Hernández-Corona DM, Maciel-Hernández EA. Anxious depression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and its relationship with medication adherence and glycemic control. Glob Public Health. 2021;16:460–8.
Google Scholar
Simmons WK, Burrows K, Avery JA, Kerr KL, Taylor A, Bodurka J, et al. Appetite changes reveal depression subgroups with distinct endocrine, metabolic, and immune states. Mol Psychiatry. 2020;25:1457–68.
Google Scholar
Zheng L, Sun J, Yu X, Zhang D. Ultra-processed food is positively associated with depressive symptoms among United States adults. Front Nutr. 2020;7:600449.
Google Scholar
Gómez-Donoso C, Sánchez-Villegas A, Martínez-González MA, Gea A, Mendonça RD, et al. Ultra-processed food consumption and the incidence of depression in a Mediterranean cohort: the SUN project. Eur J Nutr. 2020;59:1093–103.
Google Scholar
Nordström A, Hadrévi J, Olsson T, Franks PW, Nordström P. Higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes in men than in women is associated with differences in visceral fat mass. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101:3740–6.
Google Scholar
Darwish L, Beroncal E, Sison MV, Swardfager W. Depression in people with type 2 diabetes: current perspectives. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2018;11:333–43.
Google Scholar
Koopmans B, Pouwer F, de Bie RA, van Rooij ES, Leusink GL, Pop VJ. Depressive symptoms are associated with physical inactivity in patients with type 2 diabetes. The DIAZOB primary care diabetes study. Fam Pract. 2009;26:171–3.
Google Scholar
García-Pérez-de-Sevilla G, Sánchez-Pinto B. Physical inactivity and chronic disease. Nutr Today. 2022;57:252.
Google Scholar
Iaccarino G, Franco D, Sorriento D, Strisciuglio T, Barbato E, Morisco C. Modulation of insulin sensitivity by exercise training: implications for cardiovascular prevention. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2021;14:256–70.
Google Scholar
Hunt GE, Malhi GS, Lai HMX, Cleary M. Prevalence of comorbid substance use in major depressive disorder in community and clinical settings, 1990–2019: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2020;266:288–304.
Google Scholar
Winhusen T, Theobald J, Kaelber DC, Lewis D. Medical complications associated with substance use disorders in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension: electronic health record findings. Addict Abingdon Engl. 2019;114:1462–70.
Google Scholar
Hsieh P-H, Huang J-Y, Nfor ON, Lung C-C, Ho C-C, Liaw Y-P. Association of type 2 diabetes with liver cirrhosis: a nationwide cohort study. Oncotarget. 2017;8:81321–8.
Google Scholar
O’Keefe EL, DiNicolantonio JJ, O’Keefe JH, Lavie CJ. Alcohol and CV health: Jekyll and Hyde J-Curves. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2018;61:68–75.
Google Scholar
Śliwińska-Mossoń M, Milnerowicz H. The impact of smoking on the development of diabetes and its complications. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2017;14:265–76.
Google Scholar
Wu L-T, Ghitza UE, Batch BC, Pencina MJ, Rojas LF, Goldstein BA, et al. Substance use and mental diagnoses among adults with and without type 2 diabetes: results from electronic health records data. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;156:162–9.
Google Scholar
Platona RI, Căiţă GA, Voiţă-Mekeres F, Peia AO, Enătescu RV. The impact of psychiatric comorbidities associated with depression: a literature review. Med Pharm Rep. 2024;97:143–8.
Google Scholar
Chattu VK, Chattu SK, Burman D, Spence DW, Pandi-Perumal SR. The interlinked rising epidemic of insufficient sleep and diabetes mellitus. Healthcare. 2019;7:37.
Google Scholar
Saner NJ, Bishop DJ, Bartlett JD. Is exercise a viable therapeutic intervention to mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance induced by sleep loss? Sleep Med Rev. 2018;37:60–68.
Google Scholar
Lee SWH, Ng KY, Chin WK. The impact of sleep amount and sleep quality on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2017;31:91–101.
Google Scholar
Brailean A, Curtis J, Davis K, Dregan A, Hotopf M. Characteristics, comorbidities, and correlates of atypical depression: evidence from the UK biobank mental health survey. Psychol Med. 2020;50:1129–38.
Google Scholar
Hur MH, Lee M-K, Seong K, Hong JH. Deterioration of sleep quality according to glycemic status. Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44:679–86.
Google Scholar
Fanelli G, Franke B, De Witte W, Ruisch IH, Haavik J, van Gils V, et al. Insulinopathies of the brain? Genetic overlap between somatic insulin-related and neuropsychiatric disorders. Transl Psychiatry. 2022;12:1–8.
Google Scholar
Willemsen G, Ward KJ, Bell CG, Christensen K, Bowden J, Dalgård C, et al. The concordance and heritability of type 2 diabetes in 34,166 twin Pairs from international twin registers: the Discordant Twin (DISCOTWIN) Consortium. Twin Res Hum Genet. 2015;18:762–71.
Google Scholar
Kendler KS, Prescott CA. A population-based twin study of lifetime major depression in men and women. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:39–44.
Google Scholar
Fanelli G, Franke B, Fabbri C, Werme J, Erdogan I, De Witte W, et al. Local patterns of genetic sharing challenge the boundaries between neuropsychiatric and insulin resistance-related conditions. MedRxiv. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.03.07.24303921.
Maina JG, Balkhiyarova Z, Nouwen A, Pupko I, Ulrich A, Boissel M, et al. Bidirectional mendelian randomization and multiphenotype GWAS show causality and shared pathophysiology between depression and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2023;46:1707–14.
Google Scholar
Tang B, Yuan S, Xiong Y, He Q, Larsson SC. Major depressive disorder and cardiometabolic diseases: a bidirectional mendelian randomisation study. Diabetologia. 2020;63:1305–11.
Google Scholar
Tao H, Fan S, Zhu T, You L, Zheng D, Yan L, et al. Psychiatric disorders and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a bidirectional mendelian randomization. Eur J Clin Invest. 2023;53:e13893.
Google Scholar
Clarke T-K, Obsteter J, Hall LS, Hayward C, Thomson PA, Smith BH, et al. Investigating shared aetiology between type 2 diabetes and major depressive disorder in a population based cohort. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2017;174:227–34.
Google Scholar
Xuan L, Zhao Z, Jia X, Hou Y, Wang T, Li M, et al. Type 2 diabetes is causally associated with depression: a Mendelian randomization analysis. Front Med. 2018;12:678–87.
Google Scholar
Kasyanov E, Pinakhina D, Rakitko A, Vergasova E, Yermakovich D, Rukavishnikov G, et al. Genetic associations of anhedonia: insights into overlap of mental and somatic disorders. Consort Psychiatr. 2024;5:5–15.
Google Scholar
Hartwell EE, Jinwala Z, Milone J, Ramirez S, Gelernter J, Kranzler HR, et al. Application of polygenic scores to a deeply phenotyped sample enriched for substance use disorders reveals extensive pleiotropy with psychiatric and somatic traits. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2024;49:1958–67.
Google Scholar
Ekberg KM, Michelini G, Schneider KL, Docherty AR, Shabalin AA, Perlman G, et al. Associations between polygenic risk scores for cardiometabolic phenotypes and adolescent depression and body dissatisfaction. Pediatr Res. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-024-03323-z.
Su M-H, Shih Y-H, Lin Y-F, Chen P-C, Chen C-Y, Hsiao P-C, et al. Familial aggregation and shared genetic loading for major psychiatric disorders and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2022;65:800–10.
Google Scholar
Sewell MDE, Jiménez-Sánchez L, Shen X, Edmondson-Stait AJ, Green C, Adams MJ, et al. Associations between major psychiatric disorder polygenic risk scores and blood-based markers in UK biobank. Brain Behav Immun. 2021;97:32–41.
Google Scholar
Hagenaars SP, Coleman JRI, Choi SW, Gaspar H, Adams MJ, Howard DM, et al. Genetic comorbidity between major depression and cardio-metabolic traits, stratified by age at onset of major depression. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2020;183:309–30.
Google Scholar
Wimberley T, Brikell I, Astrup A, Larsen JT, Petersen LV, Albiñana C, et al. Shared familial risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus and psychiatric disorders: a nationwide multigenerational genetics study. Psychol Med. 2024;27:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291724001053. Epub ahead of print.
Moulton CD, Pickup JC, Ismail K. The link between depression and diabetes: the search for shared mechanisms. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015;3:461–71.
Google Scholar
Mosili P, Mkhize BC, Sibiya NH, Ngubane PS, Khathi A. Review of the direct and indirect effects of hyperglycemia on the HPA axis in T2DM and the co-occurrence of depression. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2024;12:e003218.
Google Scholar
Kyrou I, Tsigos C. Stress hormones: physiological stress and regulation of metabolism. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2009;9:787–93.
Google Scholar
Coderre L, Vallega GA, Pilch PF, Chipkin SR. In vivo effects of dexamethasone and sucrose on glucose transport (GLUT-4) protein tissue distribution. Am J Physiol. 1996;271:E643–48.
Google Scholar
Herbert J, Goodyer IM, Grossman AB, Hastings MH, de Kloet ER, Lightman SL, et al. Do corticosteroids damage the brain? J Neuroendocrinol. 2006;18:393–411.
Google Scholar
Zefferino R, Di Gioia S, Conese M. Molecular links between endocrine, nervous and immune system during chronic stress. Brain Behav. 2021;11:e01960.
Google Scholar
Osimo EF, Baxter LJ, Lewis G, Jones PB, Khandaker GM. Prevalence of low-grade inflammation in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of CRP levels. Psychol Med. 2019;49:1958–70.
Google Scholar
Makhija K, Karunakaran S. The role of inflammatory cytokines on the aetiopathogenesis of depression. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2013;47:828–39.
Google Scholar
Américo-Da-Silva L, Aguilera J, Quinteros-Waltemath O, Sánchez-Aguilera P, Russell J, Cadagan C, et al. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome increases the IL-1β level and decreases GLUT4 translocation in skeletal muscle during insulin resistance. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:10212.
Google Scholar
Schiepers OJG, Wichers MC, Maes M. Cytokines and major depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2005;29:201–17.
Google Scholar
Copps KD, White MF. Regulation of insulin sensitivity by serine/threonine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate proteins IRS1 and IRS2. Diabetologia. 2012;55:2565–82.
Google Scholar
Milaneschi Y, Lamers F, Berk M, Penninx BWJH. Depression heterogeneity and Its biological underpinnings: toward immunometabolic depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2020;88:369–80.
Google Scholar
Kawai T, Autieri MV, Scalia R. Adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic dysfunction in obesity. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2021;320:C375–91.
Google Scholar
Soto M, Herzog C, Pacheco JA, Fujisaka S, Bullock K, Clish CB, et al. Gut microbiota modulate neurobehavior through changes in brain insulin sensitivity and metabolism. Mol Psychiatry. 2018;23:2287–301.
Google Scholar
Borgiani G, Possidente C, Fabbri C, Oliva V, Bloemendaal M, Arias Vasquez A, et al. The bidirectional interaction between antidepressants and the gut microbiota: are there implications for treatment response? Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2025;40:3–26. https://doi.org/10.1097/YIC.0000000000000533.
Google Scholar
Silva YP, Bernardi A, Frozza RL. The role of short-chain fatty acids from gut microbiota in gut-brain communication. Front Endocrinol. 2020;11:25.
Google Scholar
Repousi N, Masana MF, Sanchez-Niubo A, Haro JM, Tyrovolas S. Depression and metabolic syndrome in the older population: a review of evidence. J Affect Disord. 2018;237:56–64.
Google Scholar
Yu ZM, Parker L, Dummer TJB. Depressive symptoms, diet quality, physical activity, and body composition among populations in Nova Scotia, Canada: report from the Atlantic partnership for tomorrow’s health. Prev Med. 2014;61:106–13.
Google Scholar
Cao B, Chen Y, Brietzke E, Cha D, Shaukat A, Pan Z, et al. Leptin and adiponectin levels in major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2018;238:101–10.
Google Scholar
Fanelli G, Mota NR, Salas-Salvadó J, Bulló M, Fernandez-Aranda F, Camacho-Barcia L, et al. The link between cognition and somatic conditions related to insulin resistance in the UK biobank study cohort: a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022;143:104927.
Google Scholar
Gruber J, Hanssen R, Qubad M, Bouzouina A, Schack V, Sochor H, et al. Impact of insulin and insulin resistance on brain dopamine signalling and reward processing—an underexplored mechanism in the pathophysiology of depression? Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2023;149:105179.
Google Scholar
Baek JH, Son H, Kang JS, Yoo DY, Chung HJ, Lee DK, et al. Long-term hyperglycemia causes depressive behaviors in mice with hypoa ctive glutamatergic activity in the medial prefrontal cortex, which is not reversed by insulin treatment. Cells. 2022;11:4012.
Google Scholar
Leonard BE, Wegener G. Inflammation, insulin resistance and neuroprogression in depression. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2020;32:1–9.
Google Scholar
Fernandez AM, Torres-Alemán I. The many faces of insulin-like peptide signalling in the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012;13:225–39.
Google Scholar
Kleinridders A. Deciphering brain insulin receptor and insulin‐like growth factor 1 receptor signalling. J Neuroendocrinol. 2016;28:jne.12433.
Google Scholar
Kleinridders A, Ferris HA, Cai W, Kahn CR. Insulin action in brain regulates systemic metabolism and brain function. Diabetes. 2014;63:2232–43.
Google Scholar
Ghasemi R, Haeri A, Dargahi L, Mohamed Z, Ahmadiani A. Insulin in the brain: sources, localization and functions. Mol Neurobiol. 2013;47:145–71.
Google Scholar
Wrigley S, Arafa D, Tropea D. Insulin-like growth factor 1: at the crossroads of brain development and aging. Front Cell Neurosci. 2017;11:14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2017.00014.
Google Scholar
Szczęsny E, Slusarczyk J, Głombik K, Budziszewska B, Kubera M, Lasoń W, et al. Possible contribution of IGF-1 to depressive disorder. Pharmacol Rep. 2013;65:1622–31.
Google Scholar
Kondo M, Koyama Y, Nakamura Y, Shimada S. A novel 5HT3 receptor-IGF1 mechanism distinct from SSRI-induced antidepressant effects. Mol Psychiatry. 2018;23:833–42.
Google Scholar
Moulton CD, Costafreda SG, Horton P, Ismail K, Fu CHY. Meta-analyses of structural regional cerebral effects in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Brain Imaging Behav. 2015;9:651–62.
Google Scholar
den Heijer T, Vermeer SE, van Dijk EJ, Prins ND, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, et al. Type 2 diabetes and atrophy of medial temporal lobe structures on brain MRI. Diabetologia. 2003;46:1604–10.
Google Scholar
Ajilore O, Narr K, Rosenthal J, Pham D, Hamilton L, Watari K, et al. Regional cortical gray matter thickness differences associated with type 2 diabetes and major depression. Psychiatry Res. 2010;184:63–70.
Google Scholar
Hsu F-C, Yuan M, Bowden DW, Xu J, Smith SC, Wagenknecht LE, et al. Adiposity is inversely associated with hippocampal volume in African Americans and European Americans with diabetes. J Diabetes Complications. 2016;30:1506–12.
Google Scholar
Salardini A, Shen X, Hashemi-Aghdam A, Laltoo E, Savoia S, Tokoglu F, et al. Increased connectivity in several bilateral frontal and fronto-parietal networks predicts depressive symptoms in mid- to late-life diabetics. Alzheimers Dement. 2020;16:e043619.
Google Scholar
Zhou H, Lu W, Shi Y, Bai F, Chang J, Yuan Y, et al. Impairments in cognition and resting-state connectivity of the hippocampus in elderly subjects with type 2 diabetes. Neurosci Lett. 2010;473:5–10.
Google Scholar
Cui Y, Li S-F, Gu H, Hu Y-Z, Liang X, Lu C-Q, et al. Disrupted brain connectivity patterns in patients with type 2 diabetes. Am J Neuroradiol. 2016;37:2115–22.
Google Scholar
Kullmann S, Heni M, Fritsche A, Preissl H. Insulin action in the human brain: evidence from neuroimaging studies. J Neuroendocrinol. 2015;27:419–23.
Google Scholar
Kim D-J, Yu JH, Shin M-S, Shin Y-W, Kim M-S. Hyperglycemia reduces efficiency of brain networks in subjects with type 2 diabetes. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0157268.
Google Scholar
Ferreiro E, Lanzillo M, Canhoto D, Carvalho da Silva AM, Mota SI, Dias IS, et al. Chronic hyperglycemia impairs hippocampal neurogenesis and memory in an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model. Neurobiol Aging. 2020;92:98–113.
Google Scholar
Seaquist ER. The impact of diabetes on cerebral structure and function. Psychosom Med. 2015;77:616.
Google Scholar
Hamed SA. Brain injury with diabetes mellitus: evidence, mechanisms and treatment implications. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2017;10:409–28.
Google Scholar
Schmitt A, Reimer A, Hermanns N, Kulzer B, Ehrmann D, Krichbaum M, et al. Depression is linked to hyperglycaemia via suboptimal diabetes self-ma nagement: a cross-sectional mediation analysis. J Psychosom Res. 2017;94:17–23.
Google Scholar
Geraets AFJ, Köhler S, Muzambi R, Schalkwijk CG, Oenema A, Eussen SJPM, et al. The association of hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance with incident depressive symptoms over 4 years of follow-up: the Maastricht study. Diabetologia. 2020;63:2315–28.
Google Scholar
Bhat NA, Muliyala KP, Chaturvedi SK. Psychological aspects of diabetes. EMJ Diabetes. 2020;8:90–98.
Google Scholar
Jones A, Olsen MZ, Perrild HJ, Willaing I. The psychological impact of living with diabetes: descriptive findings from the DAWN2 study in Denmark. Prim Care Diabetes. 2016;10:83–6.
Google Scholar
Jimenez-Garcia R, Martinez Huedo MA, Hernandez-Barrera V, Lopez de Andres A, Martinez D, Jimenez-Trujillo I, et al. Psychological distress and mental disorders among spanish diabetic adults: a case-control study. Prim Care Diabetes. 2012;6:149–56.
Google Scholar
Kuniss N, Freyer M, Müller N, Kielstein V, Müller UA. Expectations and fear of diabetes-related long-term complications in people with type 2 diabetes at primary care level. Acta Diabetol. 2019;56:33–38.
Google Scholar
Carter J, Swardfager W. Mood and metabolism: anhedonia as a clinical target in type 2 diabetes. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2016;69:123–32.
Google Scholar
Nefs G, Pouwer F, Denollet J, Kramer H, Wijnands – van Gent CJM, Pop VJM. Suboptimal glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: a key role for anhedonia? J Psychiatr Res. 2012;46:549–54.
Google Scholar
Boyle CC, Bower JE, Eisenberger NI, Irwin MR. Stress to inflammation and anhedonia: mechanistic insights from preclinical and clinical models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2023;152:105307.
Google Scholar
Speight J. DAWN2 shines more light on the psychological burden of living with diabetes and on the correlates of quality psychological care. Diabet Med J Br Diabet Assoc. 2016;33:1172–3.
Google Scholar
Doherty AM, Gayle C, Morgan-Jones R, Archer N, Laura-Lee, Ismail K, et al. Improving quality of diabetes care by integrating psychological and social care for poorly controlled diabetes: 3 dimensions of care for diabetes. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2016;51:3–15.
Google Scholar
Harkness E, Macdonald W, Valderas J, Coventry P, Gask L, Bower P. Identifying psychosocial interventions that improve both physical and mental health in patients with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:926–30.
Google Scholar
Uchendu C, Blake H. Effectiveness of cognitive–behavioural therapy on glycaemic control and psychological outcomes in adults with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabet Med. 2017;34:328–39.
Google Scholar
Gómez-Martínez C, Paolassini-Guesnier P, Fezeu L, Srour B, Hercberg S, Touvier M, et al. Trait impulsivity is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes incidence in adults over 8 years of follow-up: results from the NutriNet-Santé cohort. BMC Med. 2024;22:332.
Google Scholar
Testa G, Mora-Maltas B, Camacho-Barcia L, Granero R, Lucas I, Agüera Z, et al. Transdiagnostic perspective of impulsivity and compulsivity in obesity: from cognitive profile to self-reported dimensions in clinical samples with and without diabetes. Nutrients. 2021;13:4426.
Google Scholar
Egede LE, Osborn CY. Role of motivation in the relationship between depression, self-care, and glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Educ. 2010;36:276–83.
Google Scholar
Gonzalez JS, Safren SA, Cagliero E, Wexler DJ, Delahanty L, Wittenberg E, et al. Depression, self-care, and medication adherence in type 2 diabetes: relationships across the full range of symptom severity. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:2222–7.
Google Scholar
Sirirak T, Sangsupawanich P, Wongpakaran N, Srisintorn W. The geriatric depression scale predicts glycemic control in older adult with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a longitudinal study. Healthcare. 2022;10:1990.
Google Scholar
Nübel J, Truthmann J, Heidemann C, Du Y, Paprott R, Hapke U, et al. Sex-specific impact of major depressive disorder on 12-year change in glycaemic status: results from a nationwide cohort study of adults without diabetes in Germany. Diabet Med. 2022;39:e14767.
Google Scholar
Lunghi C, Moisan J, Gregoire JP, Guenette L. The association between depression and medication nonpersistence in new users of antidiabetic drugs. Value Health. 2017;20:728–35.
Google Scholar
Lunghi C, Zongo A, Moisan J, Grégoire J-P, Guénette L. The impact of incident depression on medication adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 2017;43:521–8.
Google Scholar
Gonzalez JS, Peyrot M, McCarl LA, Collins EM, Serpa L, Mimiaga MJ, et al. Depression and diabetes treatment nonadherence: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:2398–403.
Google Scholar
Gonzalez JS, Safren SA, Delahanty LM, Cagliero E, Wexler DJ, Meigs JB, et al. Symptoms of depression prospectively predict poorer self-care in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2008;25:1102–7.
Google Scholar
Lin EH, Katon W, Von Korff M, Rutter C, Simon GE, Oliver M, et al. Relationship of depression and diabetes self-care, medication adherence, and preventive care. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2154–60.
Google Scholar
Kamrul-Hasan ABM, Hannan MA, Asaduzzaman M, Rahman MM, Alam MS, Amin MN, et al. Prevalence and predictors of diabetes distress among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a facility-based cross-sectional study of Bangladesh. BMC Endocr Disord. 2022;22:28.
Google Scholar
Gonzalez JS, Kane NS, Binko DH, Shapira A, Hoogendoorn CJ. Tangled up in blue: unraveling the links between emotional distress and treatment adherence in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2016;39:2182–9.
Google Scholar
Dehvan F, Baghi V, Lotfi A, Ghanei Gheshlagh R. Medication adherence inhibitors and facilitators in type 2 diabetic patients: an integrative review. Sci J Nurs Midwifery Paramed Fac. 2017;3:1–17.
Lin EH, Rutter CM, Katon W, Heckbert SR, Ciechanowski P, Oliver MM, et al. Depression and advanced complications of diabetes: a prospective cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:264–9.
Google Scholar
van Dooren FE, Nefs G, Schram MT, Verhey FR, Denollet J, Pouwer F. Depression and risk of mortality in people with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e57058.
Google Scholar
Egede LE. Effect of depression on self-management behaviors and health outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2005;1:235–43.
Google Scholar
Egede LE, Nietert PJ, Zheng D. Depression and all-cause and coronary heart disease mortality among adults with and without diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1339–45.
Google Scholar
Goldney RD, Phillips PJ, Fisher LJ, Wilson DH. Diabetes, depression, and quality of life: a population study. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1066–70.
Google Scholar
Lam RW, Kennedy SH, Adams C, Bahji A, Beaulieu S, Bhat V, et al. Canadian network for mood and anxiety treatments (CANMAT) 2023 update on clinical guidelines for management of major depressive disorder in adults: réseau canadien pour les traitements de l’humeur et de l’anxiété (CANMAT) 2023: Mise à jour des lignes directrices cliniques pour la prise en charge du trouble dépressif majeur chez les adultes. Can J Psychiatry. 2024;69:641–87.
Google Scholar
Greene CRL, Blackbourn LAK, McGurnaghan SJ, Mercer SW, Smith DJ, Wild SH, et al. Antidepressant and antipsychotic prescribing in patients with type 2 diabetes in Scotland: a time-trend analysis from 2004 to 2021. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2024;90:2802–10.
Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Neuropathic pain in adults: pharmacological management in non-specialist settings. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); 2020. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK552848/.
Serretti A, Mandelli L. Antidepressants and body weight: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71:1259–72.
Google Scholar
Einarson TR, Acs A, Ludwig C, Panton UH. Prevalence of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: a systematic literature review of scientific evidence from across the world in 2007-2017. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018;17:83.
Google Scholar
Kahl KG, Westhoff-Bleck M, Krüger THC. Effects of psychopharmacological treatment with antidepressants on the vascular system. Vascul Pharmacol. 2017;96–98:11–18.
Google Scholar
Spielmans GI, Berman MI, Linardatos E, Rosenlicht NZ, Perry A, Tsai AC. Adjunctive atypical antipsychotic treatment for major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of depression, quality of life, and safety outcomes. PLoS Med. 2013;10:e1001403.
Google Scholar
Manu P, Correll CU, Wampers M, van Winkel R, Yu W, Shiffeldrim D, et al. Insulin secretion in patients receiving clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine and risperidone. Schizophr Res. 2013;143:358–62.
Google Scholar
Newcomer JW, Meehan SR, Chen D, Brubaker M, Weiss C. Changes in metabolic parameters and body weight in patients with prediabetes treated with adjunctive brexpiprazole for major depressive disorder: pooled analysis of short- and long-term clinical studies. J Clin Psychiatry. 2023;84:23m14786.
Google Scholar
Salvi V, Grua I, Cerveri G, Mencacci C, Barone-Adesi F. The risk of new-onset diabetes in antidepressant users—a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0182088.
Google Scholar
Kivimäki M, Hamer M, Batty GD, Geddes JR, Tabak AG, Pentti J, et al. Antidepressant medication use, weight gain, and risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:2611–6.
Google Scholar
Sun JW, Hernández-Díaz S, Haneuse S, Bourgeois FT, Vine SM, Olfson M, et al. Association of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors with the risk of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78:91–100.
Google Scholar
Cao TXD, Filliter C, Montastruc F, Yu OHY, Fergusson E, Rej S, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in youths. J Affect Disord. 2022;318:231–7.
Google Scholar
Azevedo Da Silva M, Fournier A, Boutron-Ruault M-C, Balkau B, Bonnet F, Nabi H, et al. Increased risk of type 2 diabetes in antidepressant users: evidence from a 6-year longitudinal study in the E3N cohort. Diabet Med. 2020;37:1866–73.
Google Scholar
Salvi V, Barone-Adesi F, D’Ambrosio V, Albert U, Maina G. High H1-affinity antidepressants and risk of metabolic syndrome in bipolar disorder. Psychopharmacology. 2016;233:49–56.
Google Scholar
Amsterdam JD, Shults J, Rutherford N, Schwartz S. Safety and efficacy of s-citalopram in patients with co-morbid major depression and diabetes mellitus. Neuropsychobiology. 2006;54:208–14.
Google Scholar
Bansal N, Hudda M, Payne RA, Smith DJ, Kessler D, Wiles N. Antidepressant use and risk of adverse outcomes: population-based cohort study. BJPsych Open. 2022;8:e164.
Google Scholar
Gehlawat P, Gupta R, Rajput R, Gahlan D, Gehlawat VK. Diabetes with comorbid depression: role of SSRI in better glycemic control. Asian J Psychiatry. 2013;6:364–8.
Google Scholar
Goodnick PJ. Use of antidepressants in treatment of comorbid diabetes mellitus and depression as well as in diabetic neuropathy. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2001;13:31–41.
Google Scholar
McIntyre RS, Soczynska JK, Konarski JZ, Kennedy SH. The effect of antidepressants on glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity: synthesis and mechanisms. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2006;5:157–68.
Google Scholar
Crucitti A, Zhang Q, Nilsson M, Brecht S, Yang CR, Wernicke J. Duloxetine treatment and glycemic controls in patients with diagnoses other than diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain: a meta-analysis. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010;26:2579–88.
Google Scholar
Zhang J, Sun R, Cai Y, Peng B, Yang X, Gao K. Efficacy and safety of antidiabetic agents for major depressive disorder and bipolar depression: a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. J Clin Med. 2024;13:1172.
Google Scholar
Woo YS, Lim HK, Wang S-M, Bahk W-M. Clinical evidence of antidepressant effects of insulin and anti-hyperglycemic agents and implications for the pathophysiology of depression—a literature review. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:6969.
Google Scholar
Pedreañez A, Carrero Y, Vargas R, Hernandez-Fonseca JP, Mosquera-Sulbaran J. Possible role of metformin as an antidepressant in diabetes. J Affect Disord. 2024;351:349–55.
Google Scholar
Moulton CD, Hopkins CWP, Ismail K, Stahl D. Repositioning of diabetes treatments for depressive symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2018;94:91–103.
Google Scholar
Nibber A, Singh H, Burnet P, Lennox B, Minichino A. Investigating the pro-cognitive and anti-depressant efficacy of metformin: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. J Affect Disord. 2022;310:52–59.
Google Scholar
Aftab A, Kemp DE, Ganocy SJ, Schinagle M, Conroy C, Brownrigg B, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pioglitazone for bipolar depression. J Affect Disord. 2019;245:957–64.
Google Scholar
Zeinoddini A, Sorayani M, Hassanzadeh E, Arbabi M, Farokhnia M, Salimi S, et al. Pioglitazone adjunctive therapy for depressive episode of bipolar disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Depress Anxiety. 2015;32:167–73.
Google Scholar
Sepanjnia K, Modabbernia A, Ashrafi M, Modabbernia M-J, Akhondzadeh S. Pioglitazone adjunctive therapy for moderate-to-severe major depressive disorder: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012;37:2093–2100.
Google Scholar
Shah P, Mudaliar S. Pioglitazone: side effect and safety profile. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2010;9:347–54.
Google Scholar
Palmer SC, Tendal B, Mustafa RA, Vandvik PO, Li S, Hao Q, et al. Sodium-glucose cotransporter protein-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists for type 2 diabetes: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2021;372:m4573.
Google Scholar
Knudsen LB, Lau J. The discovery and development of liraglutide and semaglutide. Front Endocrinol. 2019;10:155.
Google Scholar
Detka J, Głombik K. Insights into a possible role of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of depression. Pharmacol Rep. 2021;73:1020–32.
Google Scholar
Chen X, Zhao P, Wang W, Guo L, Pan Q. The antidepressant effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2024;32:117–27.
Google Scholar
Pozzi M, Mazhar F, Peeters GGAM, Vantaggiato C, Nobile M, Clementi E, et al. A systematic review of the antidepressant effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) functional agonists: further link between metabolism and psychopathology: special section on ‘translational and neuroscience studies in affective disorders’. Section Editor, Maria Nobile MD, PhD. This section of JAD focuses on the relevance of translational and neuroscience studies in providing a better understanding of the neural basis of affective disorders. The main aim is to briefly summaries relevant research findings in clinical neuroscience with particular regards to specific innovative topics in mood and anxiety disorders. J Affect Disord. 2019;257:S0165-0327(19)30593–2.
Google Scholar
Cooper DH, Ramachandra R, Ceban F, Di Vincenzo JD, Rhee TG, Mansur RB, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists as a protective factor for incident depression in patients with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. J Psychiatr Res. 2023;164:80–89.
Google Scholar
European Medicine Agency. Meeting highlights from the pharmacovigilance risk assessment committee (PRAC). European Medicines Agency (EMA); 2024. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/meeting-highlights-pharmacovigilance-risk-assessment-committee-prac-8-11-april-2024.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Update on FDA’s ongoing evaluation of reports of suicidal thoughts or actions in patients taking a certain type of medicines approved for type 2 diabetes and obesity. FDA; 2024. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/update-fdas-ongoing-evaluation-reports-suicidal-thoughts-or-actions-patients-taking-certain-type.
McIntyre RS. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) and suicidality: what do we know and future vistas. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2024;23:539–42.
Google Scholar
Lau D, Gamble J-M. Suicidality among users of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: an emerging signal? Diabetes Obes Metab. 2024;26:1150–6.
Google Scholar
Elovainio M, Shipley MJ, Ferrie JE, Gimeno D, Vahtera J, Marmot MG, et al. Obesity, unexplained weight loss and suicide: the original whitehall study. J Affect Disord. 2009;116:218–21.
Google Scholar
Peterhänsel C, Petroff D, Klinitzke G, Kersting A, Wagner B. Risk of completed suicide after bariatric surgery: a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2013;14:369–82.
Google Scholar
Castaneda D, Popov VB, Wander P, Thompson CC. Risk of suicide and self-harm is increased after bariatric surgery—a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Surg. 2019;29:322–33.
Google Scholar
Gillissie ES, Le GH, Rhee TG, Cao B, Rosenblat JD, Mansur RB, et al. Evaluating anhedonia as a risk factor in suicidality: a meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2023;158:209–15.
Google Scholar
Liebers DT, Ebina W, Iosifescu DV. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in depression. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2023;31:214–21.
Google Scholar
Kobayashi K, Toyoda M, Hatori N. Clinical comparison of tofogliflozin and empagliflozin based on an analysis of 24-h accumulated urine in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Obes Med. 2019;14:100088.
Google Scholar
Mousa HH, Sharawy MH, Nader MA. Empagliflozin enhances neuroplasticity in rotenone-induced parkinsonism: role of BDNF, CREB and Npas4. Life Sci. 2023;312:121258.
Google Scholar
Mui JV, Li L, Chou OHI, Azfar N, Lee A, Hui J, et al. Comparing sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors on new-onset depression: a propensity score-matched study in Hong Kong. Acta Diabetol. 2023;60:917–27.
Google Scholar
Wium-Andersen IK, Osler M, Jørgensen MB, Rungby J, Wium-Andersen MK. Diabetes, antidiabetic medications and risk of depression—a population-based cohort and nested case-control study. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2022;140:105715.
Google Scholar
Zandifar A, Panahi M, Badrfam R, Qorbani M. Efficacy of empagliflozin as adjunctive therapy to citalopram in major depressive disorder: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. BMC Psychiatry. 2024;24:163.
Google Scholar
Wittenberg GM, Stylianou A, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Gupta A, Jagannatha PS, et al. Effects of immunomodulatory drugs on depressive symptoms: a mega-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials in inflammatory disorders. Mol Psychiatry. 2020;25:1275–85.
Google Scholar
Köhler-Forsberg O, Lydholm C, Hjorthøj C, Nordentoft M, Mors O, Benros ME. Efficacy of anti-inflammatory treatment on major depressive disorder or depressive symptoms: meta-analysis of clinical trials. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2019;139:404–19.
Google Scholar
Hellmann-Regen J, Clemens V, Grözinger M, Kornhuber J, Reif A, Prvulovic D, et al. Effect of minocycline on depressive symptoms in patients with treatment-resistant depression: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5:e2230367.
Google Scholar
Miller AH, Pariante CM. Trial failures of anti-inflammatory drugs in depression. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7:837.
Google Scholar
Bavaresco DV, Uggioni MLR, Ferraz SD, Marques RMM, Simon CS, Dagostin VS, et al. Efficacy of infliximab in treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2020;188:172838.
Google Scholar
McIntyre RS, Subramaniapillai M, Lee Y, Pan Z, Carmona NE, Shekotikhina M, et al. Efficacy of adjunctive infliximab vs placebo in the treatment of adults with bipolar I/II depression: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019;76:783–90.
Google Scholar
Raison CL, Rutherford RE, Woolwine BJ, Shuo C, Schettler P, Drake DF, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the tumor necrosis factor antagonist infliximab for treatment-resistant depression: the role of baseline inflammatory biomarkers. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70:31–41.
Google Scholar
Husain MI, Chaudhry IB, Khoso AB, Kiran T, Khan N, Ahmad F, et al. Effect of adjunctive simvastatin on depressive symptoms among adults with treatment-resistant depression: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6:e230147.
Google Scholar
Moriarity DP, van Borkulo C, Alloy LB. Inflammatory phenotype of depression symptom structure: a network perspective. Brain Behav Immun. 2021;93:35–42.
Google Scholar
Liu C, Feng X, Li Q, Wang Y, Li Q, Hua M. Adiponectin, TNF-α and inflammatory cytokines and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cytokine. 2016;86:100–9.
Google Scholar
Olson NC, Callas PW, Hanley AJG, Festa A, Haffner SM, Wagenknecht LE, et al. Circulating levels of TNF-α are associated with impaired glucose tolerance, increased insulin resistance, and ethnicity: the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:1032–40.
Google Scholar
Rohm TV, Meier DT, Olefsky JM, Donath MY. Inflammation in obesity, diabetes, and related disorders. Immunity. 2022;55:31–55.
Google Scholar
Kataria Y, Ellervik C, Mandrup-Poulsen T. Treatment of type 2 diabetes by targeting interleukin-1: a meta-analysis of 2921 patients. Semin Immunopathol. 2019;41:413–25.
Google Scholar
Li D, Zhong J, Zhang Q, Zhang J. Effects of anti-inflammatory therapies on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1125116. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1125116.
Google Scholar
Herder C, Schmitt A, Budden F, Reimer A, Kulzer B, Roden M, et al. Association between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and depressive symptoms in patients with diabetes—potential differences by diabetes type and depression scores. Transl Psychiatry. 2018;7:1–10.
Google Scholar
Laake J-PS, Stahl D, Amiel SA, Petrak F, Sherwood RA, Pickup JC, et al. The association between depressive symptoms and systemic inflammation in people with type 2 diabetes: findings from the South London diabetes study. Diabetes Care. 2014;37:2186–92.
Google Scholar
Li Q, Wu H, Cao X, Tang S, Zhao J. The association between statin use and depression in diabetes. J Affect Disord. 2024;349:342–8.
Google Scholar
Dember LM, Hung A, Mehrotra R, Hsu JY, Raj DS, Charytan DM, et al. A randomized controlled pilot trial of anakinra for hemodialysis inflammation. Kidney Int. 2022;102:1178–87.
Google Scholar
Singh JA, Hossain A, Kotb A, Wells G. Risk of serious infections with immunosuppressive drugs and glucocorti coids for lupus nephritis: a systematic review and network meta-analys is. BMC Med. 2016;14:137. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-016-0673-8.
Google Scholar
Coghill AE, Johnson LG, Berg D, Resler AJ, Leca N, Madeleine MM. Immunosuppressive medications and squamous cell skin carcinoma: nested case-control study within the skin cancer after organ transplant (SCOT) cohort. Am J Transplant. 2016;16:565–73.
Google Scholar
Rollan MP, Cabrera R, Schwartz RA. Current knowledge of immunosuppression as a risk factor for skin cance r development. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2022;177:103754.
Google Scholar
Opałka B, Żołnierczuk M, Grabowska M. Immunosuppressive agents—effects on the cardiovascular system and sele cted metabolic aspects: a review. J Clin Med. 2023;12:6935.
Google Scholar
Lin EHB, Von Korff M, Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, Anthony J, Bromet E, et al. Mental disorders among persons with diabetes–results from the world mental health surveys. J Psychosom Res. 2008;65:571–80.
Google Scholar
Li C, Barker L, Ford ES, Zhang X, Strine TW, Mokdad AH. Diabetes and anxiety in US adults: findings from the 2006 behavioral risk factor surveillance system. Diabet Med. 2008;25:878–81.
Google Scholar
Cummings DM, Lutes LD, Littlewood K, Solar C, Carraway M, Kirian K, et al. Randomized trial of a tailored cognitive behavioral intervention in type 2 diabetes with comorbid depressive and/or regimen-related distress symptoms: 12-month outcomes from COMRADE. Diabetes Care. 2019;42:841–8.
Google Scholar
Snoek FJ, Anarte-Ortiz MT, Anderbro T, Cyranka K, Hendrieckx C, Hermanns N, et al. Roles and competencies of the clinical psychologist in adult diabetes care—a consensus report. Diabet Med. 2024;41:e15312.
Google Scholar
Ngan HY, Chong YY, Chien WT. Effects of mindfulness- and acceptance-based interventions on diabetes distress and glycaemic level in people with type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med. 2021;38:e14525.
Google Scholar
Vlachou E, Ntikoudi A, Owens DA, Nikolakopoulou M, Chalimourdas T, Cauli O. Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based interventions on psychological symptoms in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: an update review of randomized controlled trials. J Diabetes Complications. 2022;36:108185.
Google Scholar
Polonsky WH, Fisher L, Earles J, Dudl RJ, Lees J, Mullan J, et al. Assessing psychosocial distress in diabetes: development of the diabetes distress scale. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:626–31.
Google Scholar
Perrin NE, Davies MJ, Robertson N, Snoek FJ, Khunti K. The prevalence of diabetes-specific emotional distress in people with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med. 2017;34:1508–20.
Google Scholar
Young-Hyman D, de Groot M, Hill-Briggs F, Gonzalez JS, Hood K, Peyrot M. Psychosocial care for people with diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2016;39:2126–40.
Google Scholar
King DK, Glasgow RE, Toobert DJ, Strycker LA, Estabrooks PA, Osuna D, et al. Self-efficacy, problem solving, and social-environmental support are associated with diabetes self-management behaviors. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:751–3.
Google Scholar
American Diabetes Association. 3. Foundations of care and comprehensive medical evaluation. Diabetes Care. 2015;39:S23–S35.
Google Scholar
Evert AB, Boucher JL, Cypress M, Dunbar SA, Franz MJ, Mayer-Davis EJ, et al. Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2014;37:S120–43.
Google Scholar
Kurnik Mesarič K, Pajek J, Logar Zakrajšek B, Bogataj Š, Kodrič J. Cognitive behavioral therapy for lifestyle changes in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2023;13:12793.
Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Physical activity. 2024. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity.
Shah SZA, Karam JA, Zeb A, Ullah R, Shah A, Haq IU, et al. Movement is improvement: the therapeutic effects of exercise and general physical activity on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Ther. 2021;12:707–32.
Google Scholar
Syeda USA, Battillo D, Visaria A, Malin SK. The importance of exercise for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Am J Med Open. 2023;9:100031.
Google Scholar
Noetel M, Sanders T, Gallardo-Gómez D, Taylor P, Del Pozo Cruz B, van den Hoek D, et al. Effect of exercise for depression: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2024;384:e075847.
Google Scholar
Gleeson M, Bishop NC, Stensel DJ, Lindley MR, Mastana SS, Nimmo MA. The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: mechanisms and implications for the prevention and treatment of disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11:607–15.
Google Scholar
