Cornier MA, Dabelea D, Hernandez TL, Lindstrom RC, Steig AJ, Stob NR, et al. The metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev. 2008;29:777–822.
Google Scholar
The International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas https://diabetesatlas.org/data/en/world/. 2025.
Dixon SJ, Lemberg KM, Lamprecht MR, Skouta R, Zaitsev EM, Gleason CE, et al. Ferroptosis: an iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death. Cell. 2012;149:1060–72.
Google Scholar
Dixon SJ, Stockwell BR. The role of iron and reactive oxygen species in cell death. Nat Chem Biol. 2014;10:9–17.
Google Scholar
Wang H, Liu C, Zhao Y, Gao G. Mitochondria regulation in ferroptosis. Eur J Cell Biol. 2020;99:151058.
Google Scholar
Orban E, Schwab S, Thorand B, Huth C. Association of iron indices and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Diab Metab Res Rev. 2014;30:372–94.
Google Scholar
Diaz-Lopez A, Iglesias-Vazquez L, Palleja-Millan M, Rey RC, Flores MG, Arija V. Association between iron status and incident type 2 diabetes: a population-based cohort study. Nutrients. 2020;12:3249.
Google Scholar
Jiang R, Manson JE, Meigs JB, Ma J, Rifai N, Hu FB. Body iron stores in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes in apparently healthy women. JAMA. 2004;291:711–7.
Google Scholar
Kunutsor SK, Apekey TA, Walley J, Kain K. Ferritin levels and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective evidence. Diab Metab Res Rev. 2013;29:308–18.
Google Scholar
Liu JR, Liu Y, Yin FZ, Liu BW. Serum ferritin, an early marker of cardiovascular risk: a study in chinese men of first-degree relatives with family history of type 2 diabetes. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2019;19:82.
Google Scholar
Podmore C, Meidtner K, Schulze MB, Scott RA, Ramond A, Butterworth AS, et al. Association of multiple biomarkers of iron metabolism and type 2 diabetes: the epic-interact study. Diab Care. 2016;39:572–81.
Google Scholar
Ponikowska B, Suchocki T, Paleczny B, Olesinska M, Powierza S, Borodulin-Nadzieja L, et al. Iron status and survival in diabetic patients with coronary artery disease. Diab Care. 2013;36:4147–56.
Google Scholar
Qin Y, Huang Y, Li Y, Qin L, Wei Q, Chen X, et al. Association between systemic iron status and beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1143919.
Google Scholar
Zhao L, Zou Y, Zhang J, Zhang R, Ren H, Li L, et al. Serum transferrin predicts end-stage renal disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Int J Med Sci. 2020;17:2113–24.
Google Scholar
Huth C, Beuerle S, Zierer A, Heier M, Herder C, Kaiser T, et al. Biomarkers of iron metabolism are independently associated with impaired glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes: the kora f4 study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015;173:643–53.
Google Scholar
Kerr JF, Wyllie AH, Currie AR. Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer. 1972;26:239–57.
Google Scholar
Dolma S, Lessnick SL, Hahn WC, Stockwell BR. Identification of genotype-selective antitumor agents using synthetic lethal chemical screening in engineered human tumor cells. Cancer Cell. 2003;3:285–96.
Google Scholar
Yagoda N, von Rechenberg M, Zaganjor E, Bauer AJ, Yang WS, Fridman DJ, et al. Ras-raf-mek-dependent oxidative cell death involving voltage-dependent anion channels. Nature. 2007;447:864–8.
Google Scholar
Yang WS, Stockwell BR. Synthetic lethal screening identifies compounds activating iron-dependent, nonapoptotic cell death in oncogenic-ras-harboring cancer cells. Chem Biol. 2008;15:234–45.
Google Scholar
Galluzzi L, Vitale I, Aaronson SA, Abrams JM, Adam D, Agostinis P, et al. Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018. Cell Death Differ. 2018;25:486–541.
Google Scholar
Jiang X, Stockwell BR, Conrad M. Ferroptosis: mechanisms, biology and role in disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22:266–82.
Google Scholar
Stockwell BR. Ferroptosis turns 10: emerging mechanisms, physiological functions, and therapeutic applications. Cell. 2022;185:2401–21.
Google Scholar
Liang D, Minikes AM, Jiang X. Ferroptosis at the intersection of lipid metabolism and cellular signaling. Mol Cell. 2022;82:2215–27.
Google Scholar
Dixon SJ. Ferroptosis: bug or feature?. Immunol Rev. 2017;277:150–7.
Google Scholar
Beatty A, Singh T, Tyurina YY, Tyurin VA, Samovich S, Nicolas E, et al. Ferroptotic cell death triggered by conjugated linolenic acids is mediated by acsl1. Nat Commun. 2021;12:2244.
Google Scholar
Magtanong L, Ko PJ, To M, Cao JY, Forcina GC, Tarangelo A, et al. Exogenous monounsaturated fatty acids promote a ferroptosis-resistant cell state. Cell Chem Biol. 2019;26:420–32.
Google Scholar
Wu J, Minikes AM, Gao M, Bian H, Li Y, Stockwell BR, et al. Intercellular interaction dictates cancer cell ferroptosis via nf2-yap signalling. Nature. 2019;572:402–6.
Google Scholar
Gaschler MM, Stockwell BR. Lipid peroxidation in cell death. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2017;482:419–25.
Google Scholar
Gao M, Monian P, Pan Q, Zhang W, Xiang J, Jiang X. Ferroptosis is an autophagic cell death process. Cell Res. 2016;26:1021–32.
Google Scholar
Gao M, Monian P, Quadri N, Ramasamy R, Jiang X. Glutaminolysis and transferrin regulate ferroptosis. Mol Cell. 2015;59:298–308.
Google Scholar
Geng N, Shi BJ, Li SL, Zhong ZY, Li YC, Xua WL, et al. Knockdown of ferroportin accelerates erastin-induced ferroptosis in neuroblastoma cells. Eur Rev Med Pharm Sci. 2018;22:3826–36.
Google Scholar
Chu B, Kon N, Chen D, Li T, Liu T, Jiang L, et al. Alox12 is required for p53-mediated tumour suppression through a distinct ferroptosis pathway. Nat Cell Biol. 2019;21:579–91.
Google Scholar
Friedmann AJ, Schneider M, Proneth B, Tyurina YY, Tyurin VA, Hammond VJ, et al. Inactivation of the ferroptosis regulator gpx4 triggers acute renal failure in mice. Nat Cell Biol. 2014;16:1180–91.
Ma XH, Liu JH, Liu CY, Sun WY, Duan WJ, Wang G, et al. Alox15-launched pufa-phospholipids peroxidation increases the susceptibility of ferroptosis in ischemia-induced myocardial damage. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2022;7:288.
Google Scholar
Shah R, Shchepinov MS, Pratt DA. Resolving the role of lipoxygenases in the initiation and execution of ferroptosis. ACS Cent Sci. 2018;4:387–96.
Google Scholar
Zou Y, Li H, Graham ET, Deik AA, Eaton JK, Wang W, et al. Cytochrome p450 oxidoreductase contributes to phospholipid peroxidation in ferroptosis. Nat Chem Biol. 2020;16:302–9.
Google Scholar
Ursini F, Maiorino M, Valente M, Ferri L, Gregolin C. Purification from pig liver of a protein which protects liposomes and biomembranes from peroxidative degradation and exhibits glutathione peroxidase activity on phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxides. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1982;710:197–211.
Google Scholar
Murphy TH, Miyamoto M, Sastre A, Schnaar RL, Coyle JT. Glutamate toxicity in a neuronal cell line involves inhibition of cystine transport leading to oxidative stress. Neuron. 1989;2:1547–58.
Google Scholar
Shimada K, Skouta R, Kaplan A, Yang WS, Hayano M, Dixon SJ, et al. Global survey of cell death mechanisms reveals metabolic regulation of ferroptosis. Nat Chem Biol. 2016;12:497–503.
Google Scholar
Yang WS, Sriramaratnam R, Welsch ME, Shimada K, Skouta R, Viswanathan VS, et al. Regulation of ferroptotic cancer cell death by gpx4. Cell. 2014;156:317–31.
Google Scholar
Bersuker K, Hendricks JM, Li Z, Magtanong L, Ford B, Tang PH, et al. The coq oxidoreductase fsp1 acts parallel to gpx4 to inhibit ferroptosis. Nature. 2019;575:688–92.
Google Scholar
Doll S, Freitas FP, Shah R, Aldrovandi M, Da SM, Ingold I, et al. Fsp1 is a glutathione-independent ferroptosis suppressor. Nature. 2019;575:693–8.
Google Scholar
Kraft V, Bezjian CT, Pfeiffer S, Ringelstetter L, Muller C, Zandkarimi F, et al. Gtp cyclohydrolase 1/tetrahydrobiopterin counteract ferroptosis through lipid remodeling. ACS Cent Sci. 2020;6:41–53.
Google Scholar
Soula M, Weber RA, Zilka O, Alwaseem H, La K, Yen F, et al. Metabolic determinants of cancer cell sensitivity to canonical ferroptosis inducers. Nat Chem Biol. 2020;16:1351–60.
Google Scholar
Leak L, Dixon SJ. Surveying the landscape of emerging and understudied cell death mechanisms. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res. 2023;1870:119432.
Google Scholar
Mao C, Liu X, Zhang Y, Lei G, Yan Y, Lee H, et al. Dhodh-mediated ferroptosis defence is a targetable vulnerability in cancer. Nature. 2021;593:586–90.
Google Scholar
Moore WT, Bowser SM, Fausnacht DW, Staley LL, Suh KS, Liu D. Beta cell function and the nutritional state: dietary factors that influence insulin secretion. Curr Diab Rep. 2015;15:76.
Google Scholar
Wang X, Fang X, Zheng W, Zhou J, Song Z, Xu M, et al. Genetic support of a causal relationship between iron status and type 2 diabetes: a mendelian randomization study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106:e4641–51.
Google Scholar
Kishimoto M, Endo H, Hagiwara S, Miwa A, Noda M. Immunohistochemical findings in the pancreatic islets of a patient with transfusional iron overload and diabetes: case report. J Med Invest. 2010;57:345–9.
Google Scholar
Lu JP, Hayashi K. Selective iron deposition in pancreatic islet b cells of transfusional iron-overloaded autopsy cases. Pathol Int. 1994;44:194–9.
Google Scholar
Rahier J, Loozen S, Goebbels RM, Abrahem M. The haemochromatotic human pancreas: a quantitative immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Diabetologia. 1987;30:5–12.
Google Scholar
Wlazlo N, van Greevenbroek MMJ, Ferreira I, Jansen EHJM, Feskens EJM, van der Kallen CJH, et al. Iron metabolism is prospectively associated with insulin resistance and glucose intolerance over a 7-year follow-up period: the codam study. Acta Diabetol. 2015;52:337–48.
Google Scholar
Gao H, Yang J, Pan W, Yang M. Iron overload and the risk of diabetes in the general population: results of the Chinese Health and Nutrition Survey Cohort Study. Diab Metab J. 2022;46:307–18.
Fernandez-Real JM, Lopez-Bermejo A, Ricart W. Cross-talk between iron metabolism and diabetes. Diabetes. 2002;51:2348–54.
Google Scholar
Ding X, Bian N, Wang J, Chang X, An Y, Wang G, et al. Serum ferritin levels are associated with adipose tissue dysfunction-related indices in obese adults. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2023;201:636–43.
Google Scholar
Gabrielsen JS, Gao Y, Simcox JA, Huang J, Thorup D, Jones D, et al. Adipocyte iron regulates adiponectin and insulin sensitivity. J Clin Investig. 2012;122:3529–40.
Google Scholar
Moreno-Navarrete JM, Rodriguez A, Ortega F, Becerril S, Sabater-Masdeu M, Latorre J, et al. Increased adipose tissue heme levels and exportation are associated with altered systemic glucose metabolism. Sci Rep. 2017;7:5305.
Google Scholar
Van Campenhout A, Van Campenhout C, Lagrou AR, Abrams P, Moorkens G, Van Gaal L, et al. Impact of diabetes mellitus on the relationships between iron-, inflammatory- and oxidative stress status. Diab Metab Res Rev. 2006;22:444–54.
Angelovski M, Spirovska M, Nikodinovski A, Stamatoski A, Atanasov D, Mladenov M, et al. Serum redox markers in uncomplicated type 2 diabetes mellitus accompanied with abnormal iron levels. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2023;31:133–9.
Google Scholar
Tang W, Li Y, He S, Jiang T, Wang N, Du M, et al. Caveolin-1 alleviates diabetes-associated cognitive dysfunction through modulating neuronal ferroptosis-mediated mitochondrial homeostasis. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2022;37:867–86.
Google Scholar
Wu Y, Zhao Y, Yang HZ, Wang YJ, Chen Y. Hmgb1 regulates ferroptosis through nrf2 pathway in mesangial cells in response to high glucose. Biosci Rep. 2021;41:BSR20202924.
Google Scholar
Zhao P, Lv X, Zhou Z, Yang X, Huang Y, Liu J. Indexes of ferroptosis and iron metabolism were associated with the severity of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1297166.
Google Scholar
Cao Y, Jin Z, Xi Y, Cheng J, Fang Z, Zhao Q, et al. Roles of ferroptosis in type 1 diabetes induced spermatogenic dysfunction. Free Radic Biol Med. 2024;214:193–205.
Google Scholar
Wang YH, Chang DY, Zhao MH, Chen M. Glutathione peroxidase 4 is a predictor of diabetic kidney disease progression in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022;2022:2948248.
Google Scholar
Wu Y, Sun Y, Wu Y, Zhang K, Chen Y. Predictive value of ferroptosis-related biomarkers for diabetic kidney disease: a prospective observational study. Acta Diabetol. 2023;60:507–16.
Google Scholar
Golizeh M, Lee K, Ilchenko S, Osme A, Bena J, Sadygov RG, et al. Increased serotransferrin and ceruloplasmin turnover in diet-controlled patients with type 2 diabetes. Free Radic Biol Med. 2017;113:461–9.
Google Scholar
Andrews M, Soto N, Arredondo-Olguin M. Association between ferritin and hepcidin levels and inflammatory status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. Nutrition. 2015;31:51–7.
Google Scholar
Tatsch E, De Carvalho J, Bollick YS, Duarte T, Duarte M, Vaucher RA, et al. Low frataxin mrna expression is associated with inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diab Metab Res Rev. 2020;36:e3208.
Google Scholar
Wang S, Lu Y, Chi T, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Guo H, et al. Identification of ferroptosis-related genes in type 2 diabetes mellitus based on machine learning. Immun Inflamm Dis. 2023;11:e1036.
Google Scholar
Wu M, Zhang Y. Combining bioinformatics, network pharmacology and artificial intelligence to predict the mechanism of celastrol in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:1030278.
Google Scholar
Ye H, Wang R, Wei J, Wang Y, Zhang X, Wang L. Bioinformatics analysis identifies potential ferroptosis key gene in type 2 diabetic islet dysfunction. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:904312.
Google Scholar
Yin M, Zhou L, Ji Y, Lu R, Ji W, Jiang G, et al. In silico identification and verification of ferroptosis-related genes in type 2 diabetic islets. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:946492.
Google Scholar
Andrews M, Leiva E, Arredondo-Olguin M. Short repeats in the heme oxygenase 1 gene promoter is associated with increased levels of inflammation, ferritin and higher risk of type-2 diabetes mellitus. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2016;37:25–30.
Google Scholar
Arredondo M, Fuentes M, Jorquera D, Candia V, Carrasco E, Leiva E, et al. Cross-talk between body iron stores and diabetes: iron stores are associated with activity and microsatellite polymorphism of the heme oxygenase and type 2 diabetes. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011;143:625–36.
Google Scholar
Arredondo M, Jorquera D, Carrasco E, Albala C, Hertrampf E. Microsatellite polymorphism in the heme oxygenase-1 gene promoter is associated with iron status in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:1347–53.
Google Scholar
Katchunga PB, Baguma M, M’Buyamba-Kabangu JR, Philippe J, Hermans MP, Delanghe J. Ferroportin q248h mutation, hyperferritinemia and atypical type 2 diabetes mellitus in South Kivu. Diab Metab Syndr. 2013;7:112–5.
Liu PJ, Yao A, Chen XY, Liu Y, Ma L, Hou YX. Associations of tmprss6 polymorphisms with gestational diabetes mellitus in Chinese Han pregnant women: a preliminary cohort study. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2021;199:473–81.
Google Scholar
He M, Workalemahu T, Manson JE, Hu FB, Qi L. Genetic determinants for body iron store and type 2 diabetes risk in us men and women. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e40919.
Google Scholar
Zhang Q, Yuan X, Luan X, Lei T, Li Y, Chu W, et al. Glut1 exacerbates trophoblast ferroptosis by modulating ampk/acc mediated lipid metabolism and promotes gestational diabetes mellitus associated fetal growth restriction. Mol Med. 2024;30:257.
Google Scholar
Le Blanc S, Villarroel P, Candia V, Gavilan N, Soto N, Perez-Bravo F, et al. Type 2 diabetic patients and their offspring show altered parameters of iron status, oxidative stress and genes related to mitochondrial activity. Biometals. 2012;25:725–35.
Google Scholar
Peng Z, Xiao H, Liu H, Jin H, Ma H, Sun L, et al. Downregulation of arntl in renal tubules of diabetic db/db mice reduces kidney injury by inhibiting ferroptosis. Cell Signal. 2023;111:110883.
Google Scholar
Bai M, Lu W, Tan J, Mei X. Hint2 may be one clinical significance target for patient with diabetes mellitus and reduced ros-induced oxidative stress and ferroptosis by mcu. Horm Metab Res. 2024;56:670–8.
Google Scholar
Pan S, Hu B, Sun J, Yang Z, Yu W, He Z, et al. Identification of cross-talk pathways and ferroptosis-related genes in periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus by bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1015491.
Google Scholar
Sun Y, Bai YP, Wang DG, Xing YJ, Zhang T, Wang W, et al. Protective effects of metformin on pancreatic beta-cell ferroptosis in type 2 diabetes in vivo. Biomed Pharmacother. 2023;168:115835.
Google Scholar
Cooksey RC, Jouihan HA, Ajioka RS, Hazel MW, Jones DL, Kushner JP, et al. Oxidative stress, beta-cell apoptosis, and decreased insulin secretory capacity in mouse models of hemochromatosis. Endocrinology. 2004;145:5305–12.
Google Scholar
Ding Y, Wu Q. 1,25d/vdr inhibits pancreatic beta cell ferroptosis by downregulating Foxo1 expression in diabetes mellitus. Cell Signal. 2023;105:110564.
Google Scholar
Stancic A, Saksida T, Markelic M, Vucetic M, Grigorov I, Martinovic V, et al. Ferroptosis as a novel determinant of beta-cell death in diabetic conditions. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022;2022:3873420.
Google Scholar
Blesia V, Patel VB, Al-Obaidi H, Renshaw D, Zariwala MG. Excessive iron induces oxidative stress promoting cellular perturbations and insulin secretory dysfunction in min6 beta cells. Cells. 2021;10:1141.
Google Scholar
Sun Y, Guo LQ, Wang DG, Xing YJ, Bai YP, Zhang T, et al. Metformin alleviates glucolipotoxicity-induced pancreatic beta cell ferroptosis through regulation of the gpx4/acsl4 axis. Eur J Pharm. 2023;956:175967.
Google Scholar
Xia L, Yang M, Zang N, Song J, Chen J, Hu H, et al. Pegylated β-cell-targeting exosomes from mesenchymal stem cells improve β cell function and quantity by suppressing nrf2-mediated ferroptosis. Int J Nanomed. 2024;19:9575–96.
Google Scholar
Mohanram RK, Thasu SO, Ganesh GV, Kannan H, Paulmurugan R. Luciferase-based reporter system for investigating gpx4-mediated ferroptosis and its therapeutic implications in diabetes. Anal Chem. 2025;97:1059–69.
Yang H, Chen Y, Wu G, Ren P, Chen T, Liu J, et al. Investigating the role of 1,8-cineole in mitigating ferroptosis in a hfsd/stz diabetes mellitus type 2-induced model: a geo data analysis approach. Eur J Pharmacol. 2025;1002:177846.
Yu JY, Lin YH, Zhou FH, Liu HQ, Deng GH, Cheng SB, et al. [Effect of gegen qinlian decoction on cardiac diastolic function of diabetic mice with damp-heat syndrome]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2022;47:2705–11.
Ni T, Huang X, Pan S, Lu Z. Inhibition of the long non-coding rna zfas1 attenuates ferroptosis by sponging mir-150-5p and activates ccnd2 against diabetic cardiomyopathy. J Cell Mol Med. 2021;25:9995–10007.
Google Scholar
Wu S, Zhu J, Wu G, Hu Z, Ying P, Bao Z, et al. 6-gingerol alleviates ferroptosis and inflammation of diabetic cardiomyopathy via the nrf2/ho-1 pathway. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022;2022:3027514.
Google Scholar
Chen L, Yin Z, Qin X, Zhu X, Chen X, Ding G, et al. Cd74 ablation rescues type 2 diabetes mellitus-induced cardiac remodeling and contractile dysfunction through pyroptosis-evoked regulation of ferroptosis. Pharm Res. 2022;176:106086.
Google Scholar
Luo C, Fang C, Zou R, Jiang J, Zhang M, Ge T, et al. Hyperglycemia-induced DNA damage response activates DNA–PK complex to promote endothelial ferroptosis in type 2 diabetic cardiomyopathy. Theranostics. 2025;15:4507–25.
Google Scholar
Tian H, Huang Q, Cheng J, Xiong Y, Xia Z. Rev-erbalpha attenuates diabetic myocardial injury through regulation of ferroptosis. Cell Signal. 2024;114:111006.
Google Scholar
Wang J, Li Y, Li L, Liang H, Ye H, Kang P, et al. Effect of nlrp3 gene knockdown on pyroptosis and ferroptosis in diabetic cardiomyopathy injury. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2024;24:351.
Google Scholar
Wang R, Zhang X, Ye H, Yang X, Zhao Y, Wu L, et al. Fibroblast growth factor 21 improves diabetic cardiomyopathy by inhibiting ferroptosis via ferritin pathway. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23:394.
Google Scholar
Xie Y, Liang B, Meng Z, Guo R, Liu C, Yuan Y, et al. Downregulation of hspb1 and mgst1 promotes ferroptosis and impacts immune infiltration in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2025;25:719–34.
Google Scholar
Xiang H, Lyu Q, Chen S, Ouyang J, Xiao D, Liu Q, et al. Pacs2/cpt1a/dhodh signaling promotes cardiomyocyte ferroptosis in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23:432.
Google Scholar
Yang H, Xiao G, Wang D, Xiong T, Wang J, Jing X, et al. Inhibition of hmox1 alleviates diabetic cardiomyopathy by targeting ferroptosis. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2025;57:1420–32.
Chen YW, Chenier I, Chang SY, Tran S, Ingelfinger JR, Zhang SL. High glucose promotes nascent nephron apoptosis via NF-kappaB and p53 pathways. Am J Physiol Ren Physiol. 2011;300:F147–56.
Google Scholar
Wu Y, Lee S, Bobadilla S, Duan SZ, Liu X. High glucose-induced p53 phosphorylation contributes to impairment of endothelial antioxidant system. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2017;1863:2355–62.
Google Scholar
Jiang L, Kon N, Li T, Wang SJ, Su T, Hibshoosh H, et al. Ferroptosis as a p53-mediated activity during tumour suppression. Nature. 2015;520:57–62.
Google Scholar
Luo EF, Li HX, Qin YH, Qiao Y, Yan GL, Yao YY, et al. Role of ferroptosis in the process of diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction. World J Diab. 2021;12:124–37.
Tang YJ, Zhang Z, Yan T, Chen K, Xu GF, Xiong SQ, et al. Irisin attenuates type 1 diabetic cardiomyopathy by anti-ferroptosis via Sirt1-mediated deacetylation of p53. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23:116.
Google Scholar
Tian H, Xiong Y, Zhang Y, Leng Y, Tao J, Li L, et al. Activation of Nrf2/fpn1 pathway attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in diabetic rats by regulating iron homeostasis and ferroptosis. Cell Stress Chaperones. 2021;27:149–64.
Google Scholar
Wang M, Tang J, Zhang S, Pang K, Zhao Y, Liu N, et al. Exogenous h(2)s initiating Nrf2/gpx4/gsh pathway through promoting syvn1-keap1 interaction in diabetic hearts. Cell Death Discov. 2023;9:394.
Google Scholar
Chen Y, Li S, Yin M, Li Y, Chen C, Zhang J, et al. Isorhapontigenin attenuates cardiac microvascular injury in diabetes via the inhibition of mitochondria-associated ferroptosis through prdx2-mfn2-acsl4 pathways. Diabetes. 2023;72:389–404.
Google Scholar
Zhang P, Wu H, Lou H, Zhou J, Hao J, Lin H, et al. Baicalin attenuates diabetic cardiomyopathy in vivo and in vitro by inhibiting autophagy and cell death through senp1/sirt3 signaling pathway activation. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2025;42:53–76.
Google Scholar
Yang C, Guo W, He R, Meng X, Fu J, Lu Y. Dietary capsaicin attenuates cardiac injury after myocardial infarction in type 2 diabetic mice by inhibiting ferroptosis through activation of trpv1 and nrf2/hmox1 pathway. Int Immunopharmacol. 2024;140:112852.
Google Scholar
Zhang M, Liu Y, Liu Y, Tang B, Wang H, Lu M. Retinoic acid improves vascular endothelial dysfunction by inhibiting pi3k/akt/yap-mediated ferroptosis in diabetes mellitus. Curr Pharm Des. 2025;31:140–52.
Google Scholar
Niu ZC, Jin Q, Shen QY, Shi HH, Shang Y, Guo XT, et al. Schisandrol b alleviated diabetic cardiac injury by inhibiting ferroptosis and improving lipid metabolism in mice. Phytomedicine. 2025;143:156902.
Google Scholar
Wang Y, Bi R, Quan F, Cao Q, Lin Y, Yue C, et al. Ferroptosis involves in renal tubular cell death in diabetic nephropathy. Eur J Pharm. 2020;888:173574.
Google Scholar
Tsai YC, Kuo MC, Huang JC, Chang WA, Wu LY, Huang YC, et al. Single-cell transcriptomic profiles in the pathophysiology within the microenvironment of early diabetic kidney disease. Cell Death Dis. 2023;14:442.
Google Scholar
Ji J, Tao P, Wang Q, Cui M, Cao M, Xu Y. Emodin attenuates diabetic kidney disease by inhibiting ferroptosis via upregulating nrf2 expression. Aging (Albany, NY). 2023;15:7673–88.
Google Scholar
Jin T, Chen C. Umbelliferone delays the progression of diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting ferroptosis through activation of the nrf-2/ho-1 pathway. Food Chem Toxicol. 2022;163:112892.
Google Scholar
Li S, Zheng L, Zhang J, Liu X, Wu Z. Inhibition of ferroptosis by up-regulating nrf2 delayed the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Free Radic Biol Med. 2021;162:435–49.
Google Scholar
Wang H, Yu X, Liu D, Qiao Y, Huo J, Pan S, et al. Vdr activation attenuates renal tubular epithelial cell ferroptosis by regulating nrf2/ho-1 signaling pathway in diabetic nephropathy. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2023;10:e2305563.
Zhang S, Li Y, Liu X, Guo S, Jiang L, Huang Y, et al. Carnosine alleviates kidney tubular epithelial injury by targeting nrf2 mediated ferroptosis in diabetic nephropathy. Amino Acids. 2023;55:1141–55.
Google Scholar
Yu X, Li Y, Zhang Y, Yin K, Chen X, Zhu X. Leonurine ameliorates diabetic nephropathy through gpx4-mediated ferroptosis of endothelial cells. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2024;29:270.
Google Scholar
Wang HQ, Wu HX, Shi WQ, Yang Y, Lin M, Wang K, et al. Triptolide attenuates renal slit diagram to tight junction transition in diabetic kidney disease by regulating nrf2-ferroptosis pathway. Am J Chin Med. 2024;52:2161–85.
Google Scholar
Liu X, Zhai X, Wang X, Zhu X, Wang Z, Jiang Z, et al. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 activator ddo-1039 ameliorates podocyte injury in diabetic kidney disease via suppressing oxidative stress, inflammation, and ferroptosis. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2025;42:787–806.
Google Scholar
Liu Y, Cai Y, Wei X, Gao K, Jin G, Zhou X, et al. Molecular mechanisms of potentilla discolor bunge in regulating ferroptosis to alleviate dkd via the nrf2 signaling pathway. J Ethnopharmacol. 2025;350:120035.
Google Scholar
Duan J, Pei F, Miao J, Liu S, Tan L, Lu M, et al. Swietenine improved the progression of diabetic nephropathy through inhibiting ferroptosis via activating akt/gsk-3β/nrf2 signaling pathway. J Ethnopharmacol. 2025;349:119981.
Google Scholar
Yuan C, Chang F, Zhou Q, Chen F, Gao X, Yusufu A, et al. S1r mediates nrf2 dependent ferroptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells to promote renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy. Int J Med Sci. 2025;22:955–70.
Google Scholar
Du L, Guo C, Zeng S, Yu K, Liu M, Li Y. Sirt6 overexpression relieves ferroptosis and delays the progression of diabetic nephropathy via nrf2/gpx4 pathway. Ren Fail. 2024;46:2377785.
Google Scholar
Feng X, Wang S, Sun Z, Dong H, Yu H, Huang M, et al. Ferroptosis enhanced diabetic renal tubular injury via hif-1alpha/ho-1 pathway in db/db mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:626390.
Google Scholar
Wang YH, Chang DY, Zhao MH, Chen M. Dapagliflozin alleviates diabetic kidney disease via hypoxia inducible factor 1alpha/heme oxygenase 1-mediated ferroptosis. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2023;40:492–509.
Google Scholar
Yan Y, Yuan N, Chen Y, Ma Y, Chen A, Wang F, et al. Skp alleviates the ferroptosis in diabetic kidney disease through suppression of hif-1alpha/ho-1 pathway based on network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation. Chin Med. 2024;19:31.
Google Scholar
Fang X, Song J, Chen Y, Zhu S, Tu W, Ke B, et al. Lncrna snhg1 knockdown inhibits hyperglycemia induced ferroptosis via mir-16-5p/acsl4 axis to alleviate diabetic nephropathy. J Diab Investig. 2023;14:1056–69.
Google Scholar
Xiong D, Hu W, Han X, Cai Y. Rhein inhibited ferroptosis and emt to attenuate diabetic nephropathy by regulating the rac1/nox1/beta-catenin axis. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2023;28:100.
Google Scholar
Liu C, Zhong M, Jin X, Zhu J, Cheng Y, Li L, et al. Sleeve gastrectomy links the attenuation of diabetic kidney disease to the inhibition of renal tubular ferroptosis through down-regulating tgf-β1/smad3 signaling pathway. J Endocrinol Investig. 2024;47:1763–76.
Google Scholar
Chen J, Liu D, Lei L, Liu T, Pan S, Wang H, et al. Cnpy2 aggravates renal tubular cell ferroptosis in diabetic nephropathy by regulating perk/atf4/chac1 pathway and mam integrity. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2025;12:e2416441.
Peng Q, Zhang H, Li Z. Kat2a-mediated h3k79 succinylation promotes ferroptosis in diabetic nephropathy by regulating sat2. Life Sci. 2025;376:123746.
Google Scholar
Yao W, Liao H, Pang M, Pan L, Guan Y, Huang X, et al. Inhibition of the nadph oxidase pathway reduces ferroptosis during septic renal injury in diabetic mice. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022;2022:1193734.
Google Scholar
Huang B, Wen W, Ye S. Dapagliflozin ameliorates renal tubular ferroptosis in diabetes via slc40a1 stabilization. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022;2022:9735555.
Google Scholar
Gan T, Wang Q, Song Y, Shao M, Zhao Y, Guo F, et al. Canagliflozin improves fatty acid oxidation and ferroptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells via foxa1-cpt1a axis in diabetic kidney disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2024;582:112139.
Google Scholar
Huang D, Shen P, Wang C, Gao J, Ye C, Wu F. Calycosin plays a protective role in diabetic kidney disease through the regulation of ferroptosis. Pharm Biol. 2022;60:990–6.
Google Scholar
Deng F, Zhang P, Li H, Fan X, Du Y, Zhong X, et al. Effect of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists dulaglutide on kidney outcomes in db/db mice. Cell Signal. 2025;127:111603.
Google Scholar
Wu B, Wang J, Yan X, Jin G, Wang Q. Cordycepin ameliorates diabetic nephropathy injury by activating the slc7a11/gpx4 pathway. J Diab Investig. 2025;16:992–1000.
Google Scholar
Zhou Z, Niu H, Bian M, Zhu C. Kidney tea [Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq.] improves diabetic nephropathy via regulating gut microbiota and ferroptosis. Front Pharm. 2024;15:1392123.
Google Scholar
Xue M, Tian Y, Zhang H, Dai S, Wu Y, Jin J, et al. Curcumin nanocrystals ameliorate ferroptosis of diabetic nephropathy through glutathione peroxidase 4. Front Pharm. 2024;15:1508312.
Google Scholar
Yue JI, Xin-Yuan Z, Yun-Ming X, Zi-Hao Z, Xiao-Hui Y, Xin-Ju LI. Acupuncture improve proteinuria in diabetic kidney disease rats by inhibiting ferroptosis and epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Heliyon. 2024;10:e33675.
Google Scholar
Chen H, Zhang Y, Miao Y, Song H, Tang L, Liu W, et al. Vitamin d inhibits ferroptosis and mitigates the kidney injury of prediabetic mice by activating the klotho/p53 signaling pathway. Apoptosis. 2024;29:1780–92.
Google Scholar
Chen Q, Song JX, Zhang Z, An JR, Gou YJ, Tan M, et al. Exploring liraglutide’s mechanism in reducing renal fibrosis: the fsp1-coq10-nad(p)h pathway. Sci Rep. 2025;15:1754.
Google Scholar
Pei Z, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Wen Z, Chang R, et al. Hirsutine mitigates ferroptosis in podocytes of diabetic kidney disease by downregulating the p53/gpx4 signaling pathway. Eur J Pharm. 2025;991:177289.
Google Scholar
Zhang J, Wu Q, Xia C, Zheng H, Jiang W, Wang Y, et al. Qing-re-xiao-zheng-(yi-qi) formula attenuates the renal podocyte ferroptosis in diabetic kidney disease through AMPK pathway. J Ethnopharmacol 2025;120157.
Altamura S, Mudder K, Schlotterer A, Fleming T, Heidenreich E, Qiu R, et al. Iron aggravates hepatic insulin resistance in the absence of inflammation in a novel db/db mouse model with iron overload. Mol Metab. 2021;51:101235.
Google Scholar
Stancic A, Velickovic K, Markelic M, Grigorov I, Saksida T, Savic N, et al. Involvement of ferroptosis in diabetes-induced liver pathology. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:9309.
Google Scholar
Song JX, An JR, Chen Q, Yang XY, Jia CL, Xu S, et al. Liraglutide attenuates hepatic iron levels and ferroptosis in db/db mice. Bioengineered. 2022;13:8334–48.
Google Scholar
Meng W, Li L. Zhx2 inhibits diabetes-induced liver injury and ferroptosis by epigenetic silence of ythdf2. Nutr Diabetes. 2025;15:6.
Google Scholar
Hao L, Mi J, Song L, Guo Y, Li Y, Yin Y, et al. Slc40a1 mediates ferroptosis and cognitive dysfunction in type 1 diabetes. Neuroscience. 2021;463:216–26.
Google Scholar
An JR, Su JN, Sun GY, Wang QF, Fan YD, Jiang N, et al. Liraglutide alleviates cognitive deficit in db/db mice: involvement in oxidative stress, iron overload, and ferroptosis. Neurochem Res. 2022;47:279–94.
Google Scholar
Xie Z, Wang X, Luo X, Yan J, Zhang J, Sun R, et al. Activated AMPK mitigates diabetes-related cognitive dysfunction by inhibiting hippocampal ferroptosis. Biochem Pharm. 2023;207:115374.
Google Scholar
Wang B, Zhu S, Guo M, Ma RD, Tang YL, Nie YX, et al. Artemisinin ameliorates cognitive decline by inhibiting hippocampal neuronal ferroptosis via Nrf2 activation in T2DM mice. Mol Med. 2024;30:35.
Google Scholar
Feng Z, Li F, Lin Z, Liu J, Chen X, Yan W, et al. Alox15-mediated neuron ferroptosis was involved in diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2025;31:e70440.
Google Scholar
Wang N, Zhao Y, Wu M, Li N, Yan C, Guo H, et al. Gemfibrozil alleviates cognitive impairment by inhibiting ferroptosis of astrocytes via restoring the iron metabolism and promoting antioxidant capacity in type 2 diabetes. Mol Neurobiol. 2024;61:1187–201.
Google Scholar
Zhao Y, Guo H, Li Q, Wang N, Yan C, Zhang S, et al. Trem1 induces microglial ferroptosis through the perk pathway in diabetic-associated cognitive impairment. Exp Neurol. 2025;383:115031.
Google Scholar
Wang B, Jin Y, Ouyang X, Zhu R, Wang X, Li S, et al. Ferroptosis contributes to diabetes-induced visual pathway neuronal damage via iron accumulation and gpx4 inactivation. Metab Brain Dis. 2024;39:1459–68.
Google Scholar
Shi YS, Chen JC, Lin L, Cheng YZ, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, et al. Dendrobine rescues cognitive dysfunction in diabetic encephalopathy by inhibiting ferroptosis via activating Nrf2/GPX4 axis. Phytomedicine. 2023;119:154993.
Google Scholar
Qi Y, Li J, Tang Y, Cao R, Gao Y, Xu Q, et al. Total alkaloids of rhizoma corydalis regulates gut microbiota and restores gut immune barrier to ameliorate cognitive dysfunction in diabetic rats. Front Microbiol. 2024;15:1456406.
Google Scholar
Yu S, Liu W. Protective effects of salidroside against ferroptosis through pparg-dependent mechanism in diabetes-related cognitive impairment. Exp Neurol. 2025;390:115261.
Google Scholar
Hu Y, Xu J, Wang J, Wang J, Li Y, Chen W, et al. Resveratrol alleviates diabetic adipose tissue-derived extracellular vesicles-induced hippocampal ferroptosis and cognitive dysfunction via inhibiting mir-9-3p/slc7a11 axis. Mol Neurobiol. 2025;62:12307–30.
Fan X, Xu M, Ren Q, Fan Y, Liu B, Chen J, et al. Downregulation of fatty acid binding protein 4 alleviates lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in diabetic retinopathy by regulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-mediated ferroptosis. Bioengineered. 2022;13:10540–51.
Google Scholar
Zhang J, Chang K, Shangguan Y, Luo R, Bi Y, Yu Z, et al. Flotillin- 1 ameliorates experimental diabetic retinopathy by inhibiting ferroptosis in blood-retinal barrier. J Mol Med (Berl). 2025;103:671–85.
Google Scholar
Liao Q, Li Y, Cui M, Liu M. M6a demethylase alkbh5 reduces ferroptosis in diabetic retinopathy through the m6a-ythdf1-acsl4 axis. Diabetes Med. 2025;42:e70033.
Shi W, Dong Y, Liu S, Li F, Zhu C. Corilagin alleviates ferroptosis in diabetic retinopathy by activating the nrf2 signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother. 2024;179:117409.
Google Scholar
Peng Y, Hu L, Xu H, Fang J, Zhong H. Resveratrol alleviates reactive oxygen species and inflammation in diabetic retinopathy via sirt1/hmgb1 pathway-mediated ferroptosis. Toxicol Appl Pharm. 2025;495:117214.
Google Scholar
Mai H, Liu C, Fu B, Ji X, Chen M, Zhang Y, et al. Carnosic acid attenuates diabetic retinopathy via the sirt1 signaling pathway: neuroprotection and endothelial cell preservation. Am J Transl Res. 2025;17:2293–310.
Google Scholar
Tong J, Chen Y, Ling X, Huang Z, Yao G, Xie Z. Msc-derived exosomal mir-125b-5p suppressed retinal microvascular endothelial cell ferroptosis in diabetic retinopathy. Stem Cells. 2025;43:sxaf023.
Chen S, Wang X, Sun D, Zhang S, Liu P, Xu X, et al. Fenofibrate exerts protective effects in diabetic retinopathy. Curr Eye Res. 2025;50:1–9.
Wang G, Wang S, Ouyang X, Wang H, Li X, Yao Z, et al. Glycolipotoxicity conferred tendinopathy through ferroptosis dictation of tendon-derived stem cells by yap activation. IUBMB Life. 2023;75:1003–16.
Google Scholar
Xu CY, Xu C, Xu YN, Du SQ, Dai ZH, Jin SQ, et al. Poliumoside protects against type 2 diabetes-related osteoporosis by suppressing ferroptosis via activation of the Nrf2/GPX4 pathway. Phytomedicine. 2024;125:155342.
Google Scholar
Dong Q, Han Z, Gao M, Tian L. Fndc5/irisin ameliorates bone loss of type 1 diabetes by suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress‑mediated ferroptosis. J Orthop Surg Res. 2024;19:205.
Google Scholar
Xiao Y, Liang Z, Qiao J, Zhu Z, Liu B, Tian Y. Brd7 facilitates ferroptosis via modulating clusterin promoter hypermethylation and suppressing ampk signaling in diabetes-induced testicular damage. Mol Med. 2024;30:100.
Google Scholar
Fu X, Jing Y, Yang R, Zhu C, Tu Y, Hu Z, et al. Guhan yangsheng jing mitigates oxidative stress and ferroptosis to improve reproductive damage in diabetic male rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2025;347:119746.
Google Scholar
Wang Z, Mao Y, Zang Y, Zha Y, Sun J, Wei Z, et al. Transcriptomic analysis reveals the mechanism of isorhamnetin in the treatment of diabetes mellitus erectile dysfunction. Free Radic Biol Med. 2024;224:366–81.
Google Scholar
Yang H, Xiong W, Jiang J, Jiang R. Icariin inhibits hyperglycemia-induced cell death in penile cavernous tissue and improves erectile function in type 1 diabetic rats. Sex Med. 2025;13:qfaf017.
Google Scholar
Xin S, Song W, Mao J, Hu P, Chen Z, Liu J, et al. Therapeutic potential of hesperidin in diabetes mellitus-induced erectile dysfunction through Nrf2-mediated ferroptosis and oxidative stress. Andrology. 2024;13:1702–14.
Li F, Ye H, Li L, Chen Q, Lan X, Wu L, et al. Histone lysine crotonylation accelerates acsl4-mediated ferroptosis of keratinocytes via modulating autophagy in diabetic wound healing. Pharm Res. 2025;213:107632.
Google Scholar
Jiang C, Lao G, Ran J, Zhu P. Berberine alleviates ages-induced ferroptosis by activating Nrf2 in the skin of diabetic mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2024;249:10280.
Google Scholar
Yang JY, Zhuang C, Lin YZ, Yu YT, Zhou CC, Zhang CY, et al. Orientin promotes diabetic wounds healing by suppressing ferroptosis via activation of the Nrf2/GPX4 pathway. Food Sci Nutr. 2024;12:7461–80.
Google Scholar
Xi L, Du J, Lu Y, Xue W, Xia Y, Chen T, et al. Dulaglutide accelerates diabetic wound healing by suppressing Nrf2-dependent ferroptosis in diabetic mice. Peptides. 2025;185:171366.
Google Scholar
Tang G, Wang Y, Deng P, Wu J, Lu Z, Zhu R, et al. Mechanism of dracorhodin in accelerating diabetic foot ulcer healing via the Nrf2 pathway, a network pharmacology, molecular docking and experimental validation. Sci Rep. 2025;15:12492.
Google Scholar
Bai T, Li M, Liu Y, Qiao Z, Zhang X, Wang Y, et al. The promotion action of aurka on post-ischemic angiogenesis in diabetes-related limb ischemia. Mol Med. 2023;29:39.
Google Scholar
Shi J, Zhao Q, Hao DD, Miao HX, Wan S, Zhou CH, et al. Gut microbiota profiling revealed the regulating effects of salidroside on iron metabolism in diabetic mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:1014577.
Google Scholar
Lyu X, Zhang TT, Ye Z, Chen C. Astragaloside IV mitigated diabetic nephropathy by restructuring intestinal microflora and ferroptosis. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2024;68:e2300734.
Google Scholar