Saeedi, P. et al. Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: results from the international diabetes federation diabetes Atlas, 9(th) edition. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 157, 107843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107843 (2019).
Google ScholarÂ
Armstrong, D. G., Boulton, A. J. M. & Bus, S. A. Diabetic foot ulcers and their recurrence. N. Engl. J. Med. 376 (24), 2367–2375. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1615439 (2017).
Google ScholarÂ
Walker, R. J., Smalls, B. L., Campbell, J. A., Strom Williams, J. L. & Egede, L. E. Impact of social determinants of health on outcomes for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Endocrine 47 (1), 29–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-014-0195-0 (2014).
Google ScholarÂ
Secrest, A. M. et al. Associations between socioeconomic status and major complications in type 1 diabetes: the Pittsburgh epidemiology of diabetes complication (EDC) study. Ann. Epidemiol. 21 (5), 374–381 (2011).
Google ScholarÂ
Stevens, C. D. et al. Geographic clustering of diabetic lower-extremity amputations in low-income regions of California. Health Aff (Millwood). 33 (8), 1383–1390. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2014.0148 (2014).
Google ScholarÂ
Margolis, D. J. et al. Location, location, location: geographic clustering of lower-extremity amputation among medicare beneficiaries with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 34 (11), 2363–2367. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-0807 (2011).
Google ScholarÂ
Lavery, L. A. et al. Risk factors for foot infections in individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 29 (6), 1288–1293. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc05-2425 (2006).
Google ScholarÂ
Boulton, A. J., Vileikyte, L., Ragnarson-Tennvall, G. & Apelqvist, J. The global burden of diabetic foot disease. Lancet. 366 (9498), 1719–1724. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67698-2 (2005).
Google ScholarÂ
Kerr, M., Rayman, G. & Jeffcoate, W. J. Cost of diabetic foot disease to the National health service in England. Diabet. Med. 31 (12), 1498–1504. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.12545 (2014).
Google ScholarÂ
Lazzarini, P. A. et al. Prevalence of foot disease and risk factors in general inpatient populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 5 (11), e008544. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008544 (2015).
Google ScholarÂ
Kominski, G. F. & ProQuest, Kominski, G. F. Changing the U.S. health care system: key issues in health services policy and management. Fourth edition. ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Wairīpaburisshingujapan (2014).
Peek, M. E., Cargill, A. & Huang, E. S. Diabetes health disparities: a systematic review of health care interventions. Med. Care Res. Rev. 64(5 Suppl), 101S–56S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077558707305409 (2007).
Holman, N., Young, R. J. & Jeffcoate, W. J. Variation in the recorded incidence of amputation of the lower limb in England. Diabetologia. 55 (7), 1919–1925. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-012-2468-6 (2012).
Google ScholarÂ
Wrobel, J. S., Mayfield, J. A. & Reiber, G. E. Geographic variation of lower-extremity major amputation in individuals with and without diabetes in the medicare population. Diabetes Care. 24 (5), 860–864. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.24.5.860 (2001).
Google ScholarÂ
Hill, J., Nielsen, M. & Fox, M. H. Understanding the social factors that contribute to diabetes: a means to informing health care and social policies for the chronically ill. Perm J. 17 (2), 67–72. https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/12-099 (2013).
Google ScholarÂ
Marmot, M. et al. Consortium for the European Review of Social Determinants of H,. WHO European review of social determinants of health and the health divide. Lancet. 380(9846), 1011–1129. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61228-8 (2012).
Adler, N. E. & Newman, K. Socioeconomic disparities in health: pathways and policies. Health Aff (Millwood). 21 (2), 60–76. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.21.2 (2002).
Google ScholarÂ
Marmot, M. et al. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Lancet 372 (9650), 1661–1669. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61690-6 (2008).
Google ScholarÂ
Paisey, R. B. et al. Diabetes-related major lower limb amputation incidence is strongly related to diabetic foot service provision and improves with enhancement of services: peer review of the South-West of England. Diabet. Med. 35 (1), 53–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.13512 (2018).
Google ScholarÂ
Jeffcoate, W. J., Vileikyte, L., Boyko, E. J., Armstrong, D. G. & Boulton, A. J. M. Current challenges and opportunities in the prevention and management of diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes Care. 41 (4), 645–652. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-1836 (2018).
Google ScholarÂ
Baek, J. H. et al. Comparison of Operational Definition of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Based on Data from Korean National Health Insurance Service and Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diabetes Metab. J.. 47(2), 201–210. https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0375 (2023).
Lee, Y. J., Han, K. D. & Kim, J. H. Association among current Smoking, alcohol Consumption, regular Exercise, and lower extremity amputation in patients with diabetic foot: nationwide Population-Based study. Endocrinol. Metab. (Seoul). 37 (5), 770–780 (2022). PubMed PMID: 36222086; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9633221.
Google ScholarÂ
Zhang, P., Lu, J. & Jing, Y. Global epidemiology of diabetic foot ulceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann. Med. 49 (2), 106–116 (2017).
Google ScholarÂ
Monteiro-Soares, M., Boyko, E. J. & Ribeiro, I. Predictive factors for diabetic foot ulceration: a systematic review. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 28 (7), 574–600 (2012).
Google ScholarÂ
Stevens, C. D., Schriger, D. L. & Raffetto, B. Geographic clustering of diabetic lower-extremity amputations in low-income regions of California. Health Aff (Millwood). 33 (8), 1383–1390 (2014).
Google ScholarÂ
Margolis, D. J., Hoffstad, O. & Nafash, J. Location, location, location: geographic clustering of lower-extremity amputation among medicare beneficiaries with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 34 (11), 2363–2367 (2011).
Google ScholarÂ
Nather, A., Bee, C. S. & Huak, C. Y. Epidemiology of diabetic foot problems and predictive factors for limb loss. J. Diabetes Compl. 22 (2), 77–82 (2008).
Google ScholarÂ
Gregg, E. W., Li, Y. & Wang, J. Changes in diabetes-related complications in the united States, 1990–2010. N. Engl. J. Med. 370 (16), 1514–1523 (2014).
Google ScholarÂ
Geiss, L. S., Li, Y. & Hora, I. Resurgence of diabetes-related nontraumatic lower-extremity amputation in the young and middle-aged adult U.S. population. Diabetes Care. 42 (1), 50–54 (2019).
Google ScholarÂ
Narres, M., Kvitkina, T. & Claessen, H. Incidence of lower extremity amputations in the diabetic compared with the non-diabetic population: A systematic review. PLoS One. 12 (8), e0182081 (2017).
Google ScholarÂ
Jeffcoate, W. J., Vileikyte, L. & Boyko, E. J. Current challenges and opportunities in the prevention and management of diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes Care. 41 (4), 645–652 (2018).
Google ScholarÂ
Boyko, E. J., Seelig, A. D. & Ahroni, J. H. Limb- and person-level risk factors for lower-limb amputation in the prospective Seattle diabetic foot study. Diabetes Care. 41 (4), 891–898 (2018).
Google ScholarÂ
Prompers, L., Huijberts, M. & Apelqvist, J. High prevalence of ischaemia, infection and serious comorbidity in patients with diabetic foot disease in Europe. Baseline results from the Eurodiale study. Diabetologia. 50 (1), 18–25 (2007).
Google ScholarÂ
Boulton, A. J., Vileikyte, L. & Ragnarson-Tennvall, G. The global burden of diabetic foot disease. Lancet. 366 (9498), 1719–1724 (2005).
Google ScholarÂ
Lavery, L. A., Armstrong, D. G. & Wunderlich, R. P. Risk factors for foot infections in individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 29 (6), 1288–1293 (2006).
Google ScholarÂ
Hicks, C. W., Selvarajah, S. & Mathioudakis, N. Trends and determinants of costs associated with the inpatient care of diabetic foot ulcers. J. Vasc. Surg. 60 (5), 1247–54e2 (2014).
Google ScholarÂ
Skrepnek, G. H., Mills, J. L. & Sr., Lavery, L. A. Health care service and outcomes among an estimated 6.7 million ambulatory care diabetic foot cases in the U.S. Diabetes Care. 40 (7), 936–942 (2017).
Google ScholarÂ
Lazzarini, P. A., Hurn, S. E. & Kuys, S. S. Direct inpatient burden caused by foot-related conditions: a multisite point-prevalence study. BMJ Open. 6 (6), e010811 (2016).
Google ScholarÂ
Jeffcoate, W. J., Chipchase, S. Y. & Ince, P. Assessing the outcome of the management of diabetic foot ulcers using ulcer-related and person-related measures. Diabetes Care. 29 (8), 1784–1791 (2006).
Google ScholarÂ
Prompers, L., Schaper, N. & Apelqvist, J. Prediction of outcome in individuals with diabetic foot ulcers: focus on the differences between individuals with and without peripheral arterial disease. EURODIALE Study Diabetol. 51 (5), 747–754 (2008).
Google ScholarÂ
Reiber, G. E., Vileikyte, L. & Boyko, E. J. Causal pathways for incident lower-extremity ulcers in patients with diabetes from two settings. Diabetes Care. 22 (1), 157–162 (1999).
Google ScholarÂ
Boyko, E. J., Ahroni, J. H. & Stensel, V. A prospective study of risk factors for diabetic foot ulcer. The Seattle diabetic foot study. Diabetes Care. 22 (7), 1036–1042 (1999).
Google ScholarÂ
Lazzarini, P. A., Pacella, R. E. & Armstrong, D. G. Diabetes-related lower-extremity complications are a leading cause of the global burden of disability. Diabet. Med. 35 (9), 1297–1299 (2018).
Google ScholarÂ
Boulton, A. J. M. The pathway to foot ulceration in diabetes. Med. Clin. N. Am. 97 (5), 775–790 (2013).
Google ScholarÂ
Apelqvist, J., Larsson, J. & Agardh, C. D. Long-term prognosis for diabetic patients with foot ulcers. J. Intern. Med. 233 (6), 485–491 (1993).
Google ScholarÂ
Armstrong, D. G., Tan, T. W., Boulton, A. J. M. & Bus, S. A. Diabetic foot ulcers: A review. JAMA 330 (1), 62–75 (2023).
Google ScholarÂ
Jupiter, D. C., Thorud, J. C., Buckley, C. J. & Shibuya, N. The impact of foot ulceration and amputation on mortality in diabetic patients. I: from ulceration to death, a systematic review. Int. Wound J. 13 (5), 892–903 (2016).
Google ScholarÂ
Moulik, P. K., Mtonga, R. & Gill, G. V. Amputation and mortality in new-onset diabetic foot ulcers stratified by etiology. Diabetes Care. 26 (2), 491–494 (2003).
Google ScholarÂ
Chammas, N. K., Hill, R. L. & Edmonds, M. E. Increased mortality in diabetic foot ulcer patients: the significance of ulcer type. J. Diabetes Res. 2016, 2879809 (2016).
Google ScholarÂ
Hoffmann, M. et al. Survival of diabetes patients with major amputation is comparable to malignant disease. Diab. Vasc. Dis. Res. 12 (4), 265–271 (2015).
Google ScholarÂ
Morbach, S. et al. Long-term prognosis of diabetic foot patients and their limbs: amputation and death over the course of a decade. Diabetes Care. 35 (10), 2021–2027 (2012).
Google ScholarÂ
Margolis, D. J., Malay, D. S. & Hoffstad, O. J. Incidence of Diabetic Foot Ulcer and Lower Extremity Amputation among Medicare beneficiaries, 2006 To 2008: Data Points #2 (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US), 2011).
Prompers, L., Huijberts, M. & Schaper, N. Resource utilisation and costs associated with the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Prospective data from the Eurodiale study. Diabetologia. 51 (10), 1826–1834 (2008).
Google ScholarÂ
Brownrigg, J. R., Davey, J. & Holt, P. J. The association of ulceration of the foot with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in patients with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 55 (11), 2906–2912 (2012).
Google ScholarÂ
Kerr, M. Foot care for people with diabetes: the economic case for change (2012).
Armstrong, D. G., Wrobel, J. & Robbins, J. M. Guest editorial: are diabetes-related wounds and amputations worse than cancer? Int. Wound J. 4 (4), 286–287 (2007).
Google ScholarÂ
Holman, N., Young, R. J. & Jeffcoate, W. J. Variation in the recorded incidence of amputation of the lower limb in England. Diabetologia 55 (7), 1919–1925 (2012).
Google ScholarÂ
Fakorede, F. A., Fakorede, A. & Hennebry, T. A. Reducing Disparities in Diabetic Amputations (NIDDK [Internet], 2021).
Armstrong, D. G. et al. Five year mortality and direct costs of care for people with diabetic foot complications are comparable to cancer. J. Foot Ankle Res. 13, 16 (2020).
Google ScholarÂ
Bali, V., Yermilov, I., Koyama, A. & Legorreta, A. P. Secondary prevention of diabetes through workplace health screening. Occup. Med. (Lond). 68 (9), 610–616 (2018).
Google ScholarÂ
Ragnarson Tennvall, G. & Apelqvist, J. Health-economic consequences of diabetic foot lesions. Clin. Infect. Dis. 39 (Suppl 2), S132–S9 (2004).
Google ScholarÂ
Hafez, D. et al. Workplace interventions to prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus: a narrative review. Curr. Diab Rep. 17 (12), 121 (2017).
Pu, J. et al. Health behavior change after blood pressure feedback. PLoS One. 10 (10), e0139644 (2015).
Google ScholarÂ
Brown, S. A., GarcÃa, A. A., Zuñiga, J. A. & Lewis, K. A. Effectiveness of workplace diabetes prevention programs: A systematic review of the evidence. Patient Educ. Couns. 101 (6), 1036–1050 (2018).
Google ScholarÂ
Conn, V. S. et al. Metabolic effects of interventions to increase exercise in adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 50 (5), 913–921 (2007).
Google ScholarÂ
Barshes, N. R., Sigireddi, M. & Wrobel, J. S. The system of care for the diabetic foot: objectives, outcomes, and opportunities. Diabet. Foot Ankle 4. (2013).
Lipsky, B. A., Berendt, A. R. & Cornia, P. B. Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections. Clin Infect Dis. 54(12), e132–e73 (2012).
Hinchliffe, R. J., Brownrigg, J. R. & Andros, G. Effectiveness of revascularization of the ulcerated foot in patients with diabetes and peripheral artery disease: a systematic review. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 32 (Suppl 1), 136–144 (2016).
Google ScholarÂ
Secrest, A. M. et al. Associations between socioeconomic status and major complications in type 1 diabetes: the Pittsburgh epidemiology of diabetes complication (EDC) study. Ann. Epidemiol. 21 (5), 374–381 (2011).
Google ScholarÂ
Brown, A. F. et al. Socioeconomic position and health among persons with diabetes mellitus: a conceptual framework and review of the literature. Epidemiol. Rev. 26, 63–77 (2004).
Google ScholarÂ
Booth, G. L. & Hux, J. E. Relationship between avoidable hospitalizations for diabetes mellitus and income level. Arch. Intern. Med. 163 (1), 101–106 (2003).
Google ScholarÂ
Kim, D. et al. Socioeconomic status and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in South Korean adults: a population-based cross-sectional study. J. Epidemiol. 30 (12), 550–558 (2020).
Ha, R., Kim, D., Choi, J. & Jung-Choi, K. A National pilot program for chronic diseases and health inequalities in South Korea. BMC Public. Health. 21 (1), 1142 (2021).
Google ScholarÂ
Kim, D. Socioeconomic status and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in South Korean adults: a population-based cross-sectional study. J. Epidemiol. 30 (12), 550–558 (2020).
Walker, R. J. Understanding the influence of psychological and socioeconomic factors on diabetes self-care using structured equation modeling. Patient Educ. Couns. 98 (1), 34–40 (2015).
Google ScholarÂ
Cho, N. H. IDF diabetes atlas: global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 138, 271–281 (2018).
Google ScholarÂ
Kang, H. Diabetes management and self-care education for hospitalized patients with diabetes in Korea. Diabetes Metab. J. 42 (5), 425–436 (2018).
Kim, K. S. Management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in older adults. Diabetes Metab. J. 36 (5), 336–344 (2012).
Google ScholarÂ
Grintsova, O., Maier, W. & Mielck, A. Inequalities in health care among patients with type 2 diabetes by individual socio-economic status (SES) and regional deprivation: a systematic literature review. Int. J. Equity Health. 13, 43 (2014).
Google ScholarÂ
Hippisley-Cox, J., O’Hanlon, S. & Coupland, C. Association of deprivation, ethnicity, and sex with quality indicators for diabetes: population based survey of 53,000 patients in primary care. BMJ 329 (7477), 1267–1269 (2004).
Google ScholarÂ
Agardh, E., Allebeck, P., Hallqvist, J., Moradi, T. & Sidorchuk, A. Type 2 diabetes incidence and socio-economic position: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Epidemiol. 40 (3), 804–818 (2011).
Google ScholarÂ
Rawshani, A., Svensson, A. M., Rosengren, A., Eliasson, B. & Gudbjörnsdottir, S. Impact of socioeconomic status on cardiovascular disease and mortality in 24,947 individuals with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 38 (8), 1518–1527 (2015).
Google ScholarÂ
Marmot, M., Friel, S., Bell, R., Houweling, T. A. & Taylor, S. Commission on social determinants of H. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Lancet 372 (9650), 1661–1669 (2008).
Google ScholarÂ
Patout, C. A. Jr., Birke, J. A., Horswell, R., Williams, D. & Cerise, F. P. Effectiveness of a comprehensive diabetes lower-extremity amputation prevention program in a predominantly low-income African-American population. Diabetes Care. 23 (9), 1339–1342 (2000).
Google ScholarÂ
Hingorani, A., LaMuraglia, G. M. & Henke, P. The management of diabetic foot: A clinical practice guideline by the society for vascular surgery in collaboration with the American podiatric medical association and the society for vascular medicine. J. Vasc. Surg. 63 (Suppl 2), 3S–21S (2016).
Google ScholarÂ
Schaper, N. C., Van Netten, J. J. & Apelqvist, J. Prevention and management of foot problems in diabetes: a summary guidance for daily practice 2015, based on the IWGDF guidance documents. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 32 (Suppl 1), 7–15 (2016).
Google ScholarÂ
Jeffcoate, W. J., Bus, S. A. & Game, F. L. Reporting standards of studies and papers on the prevention and management of foot ulcers in diabetes: required details and markers of good quality. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 4 (9), 781–793 (2016).
Google ScholarÂ
Boulton, A. J. M., Armstrong, D. G. & Kirsner, R. S. Diagnosis and Management of Diabetic Foot Complications (American Diabetes Association, 2018).
Rayman, G., Vas, P. R. & Baker, N. The Ipswich touch test: a simple and novel method to identify inpatients with diabetes at risk of foot ulceration. Diabetes Care. 34 (7), 1517–1518 (2011).
Google ScholarÂ
Lavery, L. A., Higgins, K. R. & Lanctot, D. R. Preventing diabetic foot ulcer recurrence in high-risk patients: use of temperature monitoring as a self-assessment tool. Diabetes Care. 30 (1), 14–20 (2007).
Google ScholarÂ
Bus, S. A., Lavery, L. A. & Monteiro-Soares, M. Guidelines on the prevention of foot ulcers in persons with diabetes (IWGDF 2019 update). Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 36 (Suppl 1), e3269 (2020).
Google ScholarÂ
Armstrong, D. G., Lavery, L. A. & Harkless, L. B. Validation of a diabetic wound classification system. The contribution of depth, infection, and ischemia to risk of amputation. Diabetes Care. 21 (5), 855–860 (1998).
Google ScholarÂ
